Apigenin suppresses influenza A virus-induced RIG-I activation and viral replication

Flavonoid apigenin is low toxicity and few favorable bioactivities, including anti-tumor properties, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and antiviral. However, the effect of Apigenin on influenza virus infection remains poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Apigenin on influenza A virus (IAV) induced inflammation and viral replication. This study showed that treatment significantly suppressed Apigenin IAV-induced upregulation of RIG-I expression, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon (IFN-β and IFN-λ1). Meanwhile, Apigenin also protected cells from IAV-induced cell death.

In addition, special Apigenin inhibits the activation of RIG-I signaling by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of RIG-I, which can lead to disrupt the interaction with Hsp90α. Interestingly, not increase viral replication due to the inhibitory effect of Apigenin on RIG-I activation and the expression of IFN, Apigenin inhibited IAV replication in vitro. Further studies show that Apigenin inhibits viral neuraminidase (NA) of influenza activity. Thus, Apigenin may serve as a promising complementary approach to the treatment of influenza because the cells are protected from IAV-induced cell death and inhibits viral NA activity to suppress viral replication. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In April 2009, a new influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes (A (H1N1) pdm09) scattered around the world and triggered the first human influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Since then, IAV exposure to pandemic H1N1 has been confirmed in different animal species. clinical and serological evidence of infection with the A (H1N1) have been reported in pdm09 canines, but the available information on the role of the dog in the epidemiology of this subtype IAV is still very limited in Europe. A cross-sectional study conducted to determine the seroprevalence A (H1N1) pdm09 in dogs in southern Spain, an area with seasonal circulation endemic in humans.

Sera collected from 750 canine companion during the period 2013-2016. Antibodies against H1N1 pandemic IAV analyzed using haemagglutination inhibition test. Positive samples were also tested by single radial hemolysis test. Seropositivity was only confirmed by both methods in one (0.13%; 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.38) sample of 2013 adult animal.

Abdomen and pelvis Organ Failure Induced by intraperitoneal Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

In humans, respiratory infections with influenza A virus can be deadly, but it is unclear whether influenza A non-breathing can be equally deadly. Intraperitoneal Infection making organs of the abdomen and pelvis accessible to pathogens because peritoneal fluid circulation around the pelvis and abdomen.

We found that high doses of intraperitoneal infection in mice with influenza virus A and sclerosis resulted in structural damage in the pancreas, ovarian follicle disorders, and a large infiltration of immune cells in the uterus. Intraperitoneal infection also causes a strong upregulation of proinflammatory mediators, including IL-6, BLC, and MIG. In addition, low doses of intraperitoneal infection with the influenza strain is provided cross-protection against subsequent intraperitoneal or intranasal challenge with other strains of influenza.

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NATtrol Mycoplasma genitalium External Run Control (6 x 0.25mL)
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NATtrol Norovirus GI/GII Positive Control (6 x 0.125mL)
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NATtrol Norovirus Group I (Recombinant) (Stool Matrix) (0.5 mL)
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NATtrol Norovirus Group II (Recombinant) (Stool Matrix) (0.5 mL)
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NATtrol Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Stock (Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATPARA1-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1365.41
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NATPARA3-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1365.41
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NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (10,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATPARVO-0001	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 318.34
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NATPARVO-0002	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 630.34
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NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (1,000,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATPARVO-0003	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1200.67
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NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (10,000,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
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NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (100,000,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
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NATRPP-1	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 557.95
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NATtrol Respiratory Verification Panel (RVP) (20 X 0.6 mL)
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NATtrol Respiratory Verification Panel 2 (23 x 0.6mL) (Ea)
NATRVP2-BIO	Zeptometrix	23 x 0.6mL	EUR 1165.73
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NATtrol BK Virus Linearity Panel (6 X 0.25 mL)
NATBK-LIN	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.25 mL	EUR 635.33
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NATtrol C. difficile Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATCDI-6L	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 322.08
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Clostridium difficile Positive Control (6 x 0.5 mL)
NATCDI-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.5 mL	EUR 378.24
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Clostridium difficile Verification Panel (6 X 1 mL)
NATCDIVP-C	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 639.07
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol CARBA-R Verification Panel (10 x 0.06 mL)
NATCRVP-C	Zeptometrix	10 x 0.06 mL	EUR 324.58
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Clostridium difficile Negative Control (6 x 0.5 mL)
NATCSO-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.5 mL	EUR 378.24
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Chlamydia trachomatis Positive Control (6 X 1 mL)
NATCT(434)-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 396.96
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Chlamydia trachomatis Positive Control Pack (6 X 1.25 mL)
MDZ002	Zeptometrix	6 X 1.25 mL	EUR 445.63
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Neisseria gonorrhoeae Positive Control Pack (6 X 1.25 mL)
MDZ003	Zeptometrix	6 X 1.25 mL	EUR 445.63
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol CT/NG Negative Control Pack (6 X 1.25 mL)
MDZ004	Zeptometrix	6 X 1.25 mL	EUR 299.62
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza A/B Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
MDZ046	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 272.16
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Norovirus GI/GII Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
MDZ049	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 255.94
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol EP Control (12 x 0.25 mL; 2 x 1mL)
NATEPC-NNS	Zeptometrix	12 x 0.25 mL; 2 x 1mL	EUR 495.55
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza A/B Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
NATFLUA/B-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 278.4
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza A H1N1 Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
NATFLUAH1N1-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 278.4
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol GI Panel (17 x 0.25mL; 2 x 0.85 mL)
NATGIP-ABC	Zeptometrix	17 x 0.25mL; 2 x 0.85 mL	EUR 913.63
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol GI Panel (22 x 0.25mL; 4 x 0.85 mL)
NATGIP-BIO	Zeptometrix	22 x 0.25mL; 4 x 0.85 mL	EUR 1132.03
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol HSV 1 & 2 Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATHSV-6L	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 322.08
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol MTB Verification Panel (5 x 0.6mL, 6 x 1.6mL)
NATMTBP-C	Zeptometrix	5 x 0.6mL, 6 x 1.6mL	EUR 666.53
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol P. jirovecii Recombinant External Run Control (6 x 0.5mL)
NATPJI-ERC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.5mL	EUR 411.94
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Validation Panel (RVP) (Qualitative) (13 X 0.2 mL)
NATRVP-1	Zeptometrix	13 X 0.2 mL	EUR 826.27
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Validation Panel (RVP) (Qualitative) (17 X 0.2 mL)
NATRVP-3	Zeptometrix	17 X 0.2 mL	EUR 1035.94
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Verification Panel (15 x 0.5mL; 2 x 1mL)
NATRVP-NNS	Zeptometrix	15 x 0.5mL; 2 x 1mL	EUR 836.26
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA); -mecA, External Run Control, Low (6X1mL)
NATSAU(MSSA)-ERCL	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 406.94
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA); -mecA,External Run Control, Medium (6X1mL)
NATSAU(MSSA)-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 481.82
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Group A Strep Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATSPY-6L	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 314.59
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Zika Virus Range Verification Panel (4 x 0.5 mL)
NATZIKV-RV	Zeptometrix	4 x 0.5 mL	EUR 635.33
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol B. pertussis/parapertussis Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATBRD-6L	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 322.08
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strain:AD-169 External Run Control, Medium (6X1mL)
NATCMV-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 481.82
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Chlamydia trachomatis serotype D, External Run Control, Medium (6X1mL)
NATCT(D-UW3)-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 481.82
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza B, External Run Control, Low (6 X 1 mL)
NATFLUB-ERCL	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 406.94
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza B, External Run Control, Medium (6 X 1 mL)
NATFLUB-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 481.82
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (400 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHBV-0001	Zeptometrix	400 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 103.68
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (5,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHBV-0002	Zeptometrix	5,000 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 213.5
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (50,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHBV-0003	Zeptometrix	50,000 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 549.22
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (10,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHBV-0006	Zeptometrix	10,000 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 344.54
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (200 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHCV-0001	Zeptometrix	200 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 103.68
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (1,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHCV-0002	Zeptometrix	1,000 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 213.5
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (10,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHCV-0003	Zeptometrix	10,000 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 344.54
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (50,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATHCV-0004	Zeptometrix	50,000 IU/mL 1 mL	EUR 549.22
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

Our results suggest that low-dose, non-respiratory administration may provide a route for influenza vaccination. Furthermore, these results provide insight into the pathological role of influenza A virus in high-risk patients, including women and people with diabetes.