Apigenin suppresses influenza A virus-induced RIG-I activation and viral replication

Flavonoid apigenin is low toxicity and few favorable bioactivities, including anti-tumor properties, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and antiviral. However, the effect of Apigenin on influenza virus infection remains poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Apigenin on influenza A virus (IAV) induced inflammation and viral replication. This study showed that treatment significantly suppressed Apigenin IAV-induced upregulation of RIG-I expression, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon (IFN-β and IFN-λ1). Meanwhile, Apigenin also protected cells from IAV-induced cell death.

In addition, special Apigenin inhibits the activation of RIG-I signaling by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of RIG-I, which can lead to disrupt the interaction with Hsp90α. Interestingly, not increase viral replication due to the inhibitory effect of Apigenin on RIG-I activation and the expression of IFN, Apigenin inhibited IAV replication in vitro. Further studies show that Apigenin inhibits viral neuraminidase (NA) of influenza activity. Thus, Apigenin may serve as a promising complementary approach to the treatment of influenza because the cells are protected from IAV-induced cell death and inhibits viral NA activity to suppress viral replication. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In April 2009, a new influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes (A (H1N1) pdm09) scattered around the world and triggered the first human influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Since then, IAV exposure to pandemic H1N1 has been confirmed in different animal species. clinical and serological evidence of infection with the A (H1N1) have been reported in pdm09 canines, but the available information on the role of the dog in the epidemiology of this subtype IAV is still very limited in Europe. A cross-sectional study conducted to determine the seroprevalence A (H1N1) pdm09 in dogs in southern Spain, an area with seasonal circulation endemic in humans.

Sera collected from 750 canine companion during the period 2013-2016. Antibodies against H1N1 pandemic IAV analyzed using haemagglutination inhibition test. Positive samples were also tested by single radial hemolysis test. Seropositivity was only confirmed by both methods in one (0.13%; 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.38) sample of 2013 adult animal.

Abdomen and pelvis Organ Failure Induced by intraperitoneal Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

In humans, respiratory infections with influenza A virus can be deadly, but it is unclear whether influenza A non-breathing can be equally deadly. Intraperitoneal Infection making organs of the abdomen and pelvis accessible to pathogens because peritoneal fluid circulation around the pelvis and abdomen.

We found that high doses of intraperitoneal infection in mice with influenza virus A and sclerosis resulted in structural damage in the pancreas, ovarian follicle disorders, and a large infiltration of immune cells in the uterus. Intraperitoneal infection also causes a strong upregulation of proinflammatory mediators, including IL-6, BLC, and MIG. In addition, low doses of intraperitoneal infection with the influenza strain is provided cross-protection against subsequent intraperitoneal or intranasal challenge with other strains of influenza.

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NATtrol BK Virus Linearity Panel (6 X 0.25 mL)
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NATtrol C. difficile Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
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NATtrol Clostridium difficile Positive Control (6 x 0.5 mL)
NATCDI-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.5 mL	EUR 315.2
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NATtrol Clostridium difficile Verification Panel (6 X 1 mL)
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NATtrol CARBA-R Verification Panel (10 x 0.06 mL)
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NATtrol Clostridium difficile Negative Control (6 x 0.5 mL)
NATCSO-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.5 mL	EUR 315.2
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NATtrol Chlamydia trachomatis Positive Control (6 X 1 mL)
NATCT(434)-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 330.8
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NATtrol Influenza A/B Positive Control (6 x 0.5mL)
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NATtrol Influenza A H1 Virus Stock (Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATFLUAH1-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1137.84
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NATtrol Influenza A H3 Virus Stock (Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATFLUAH3-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1137.84
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NATtrol Influenza/RSV Positive Control (6 x 0.5 mL)
NATFLURSV-6C	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.5 mL	EUR 226.8
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NATtrol Human Rhinovirus Type 1A Stock(Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATHRV-STN	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1137.84
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NATtrol Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) Controls (12 x 0.2 mL)
NATMEC-BIO	Zeptometrix	12 x 0.2 mL	EUR 408.8
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NATtrol Mycoplasma genitalium External Run Control (6 x 0.25mL)
NATMGN-ERC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25mL	EUR 291.28
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NATtrol MRSA/SA Negative Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
NATMSSE-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 307.92
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NATtrol Neisseria gonorrhoeae Positive Control (6 X 1 mL)
NATNG-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 330.8
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NATtrol Norovirus GI/GII Positive Control (6 x 0.125mL)
NATNOV-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.125mL	EUR 213.28
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NATtrol Norovirus Group I (Recombinant) (Stool Matrix) (0.5 mL)
NATNOVI-GP	Zeptometrix	0.5 mL	EUR 93.68
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NATtrol Norovirus Group II (Recombinant) (Stool Matrix) (0.5 mL)
NATNOVII-GP	Zeptometrix	0.5 mL	EUR 93.68
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NATtrol Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Stock (Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATPARA1-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1137.84
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NATtrol Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Stock (Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATPARA2-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1137.84
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NATtrol Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Stock (Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATPARA3-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1137.84
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NATtrol Parainfluenza Virus Type 4 Stock (Qualitative) (1 mL)
NATPARA4-ST	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1137.84
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NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (10,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATPARVO-0001	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 265.28
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NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (100,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATPARVO-0002	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 525.28
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NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (1,000,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATPARVO-0003	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1000.56
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (10,000,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATPARVO-0004	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1135.76
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 (100,000,000 IU/mL) (1 mL)
NATPARVO-0005	Zeptometrix	1 mL	EUR 1408.24
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Pathogen Panel -1 (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATRPP-1	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 464.96
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Verification Panel (RVP) (20 X 0.6 mL)
NATRVP-IDI	Zeptometrix	20 X 0.6 mL	EUR 850.8
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Verification Panel 2 (23 x 0.6mL) (Ea)
NATRVP2-BIO	Zeptometrix	23 x 0.6mL	EUR 971.44
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Chlamydia trachomatis Positive Control Pack (6 X 1.25 mL)
MDZ002	Zeptometrix	6 X 1.25 mL	EUR 371.36
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Neisseria gonorrhoeae Positive Control Pack (6 X 1.25 mL)
MDZ003	Zeptometrix	6 X 1.25 mL	EUR 371.36
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol CT/NG Negative Control Pack (6 X 1.25 mL)
MDZ004	Zeptometrix	6 X 1.25 mL	EUR 249.68
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza A/B Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
MDZ046	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 226.8
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Norovirus GI/GII Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
MDZ049	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 213.28
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol B. pertussis/parapertussis Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATBRD-6L	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 268.4
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strain:AD-169 External Run Control, Medium (6X1mL)
NATCMV-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 401.52
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Chlamydia trachomatis serotype D, External Run Control, Medium (6X1mL)
NATCT(D-UW3)-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 401.52
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol EP Control (12 x 0.25 mL; 2 x 1mL)
NATEPC-NNS	Zeptometrix	12 x 0.25 mL; 2 x 1mL	EUR 412.96
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza A/B Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
NATFLUA/B-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 232
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza A H1N1 Positive Control (6 X 0.5 mL)
NATFLUAH1N1-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 0.5 mL	EUR 232
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol GI Panel (17 x 0.25mL; 2 x 0.85 mL)
NATGIP-ABC	Zeptometrix	17 x 0.25mL; 2 x 0.85 mL	EUR 761.36
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol GI Panel (22 x 0.25mL; 4 x 0.85 mL)
NATGIP-BIO	Zeptometrix	22 x 0.25mL; 4 x 0.85 mL	EUR 943.36
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol HSV 1 & 2 Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATHSV-6L	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 268.4
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol MTB Verification Panel (5 x 0.6mL, 6 x 1.6mL)
NATMTBP-C	Zeptometrix	5 x 0.6mL, 6 x 1.6mL	EUR 555.44
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol P. jirovecii Recombinant External Run Control (6 x 0.5mL)
NATPJI-ERC	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.5mL	EUR 343.28
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Validation Panel (RVP) (Qualitative) (13 X 0.2 mL)
NATRVP-1	Zeptometrix	13 X 0.2 mL	EUR 688.56
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Validation Panel (RVP) (Qualitative) (17 X 0.2 mL)
NATRVP-3	Zeptometrix	17 X 0.2 mL	EUR 863.28
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Respiratory Verification Panel (15 x 0.5mL; 2 x 1mL)
NATRVP-NNS	Zeptometrix	15 x 0.5mL; 2 x 1mL	EUR 696.88
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA); -mecA, External Run Control, Low (6X1mL)
NATSAU(MSSA)-ERCL	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 339.12
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA); -mecA,External Run Control, Medium (6X1mL)
NATSAU(MSSA)-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 401.52
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Group A Strep Positive Control (6 x 0.25 mL)
NATSPY-6L	Zeptometrix	6 x 0.25 mL	EUR 262.16
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Zika Virus Range Verification Panel (4 x 0.5 mL)
NATZIKV-RV	Zeptometrix	4 x 0.5 mL	EUR 529.44
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol BK Virus External Run Control, Low (6 X 1 mL)
NATBK-ERCL	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 339.12
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol BK Virus External Run Control, Medium (6 X 1 mL)
NATBK-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 401.52
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strain: AD-169 (400 cp/mL) (1 mL)
NATCMV-0001	Zeptometrix	400 cp/mL , 1mL	EUR 86.4
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strain: AD-169 (5,000 cp/mL) (1 mL)
NATCMV-0002	Zeptometrix	5,000 cp/mL , 1mL	EUR 177.92
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strain: AD-169 (10,000 cp/mL) (1 mL)
NATCMV-0003	Zeptometrix	10,000 cp/mL , 1mL	EUR 287.12
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strain: AD-169 (50,000 cp/mL) (1 mL)
NATCMV-0004	Zeptometrix	50,000 cp/mL , 1mL	EUR 457.68
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strain: AD-169 (100,000 cp/mL) (1 mL)
NATCMV-0005	Zeptometrix	100,000 cp/mL , 1mL	EUR 757.2
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Chlamydia trachomatis LGV II 434, External Run Control, Medium (6X1mL)
NATCT(434)-ERCM	Zeptometrix	6X1mL	EUR 401.52
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol CT/NG External Run Control, Negative (6 X 1 mL)
NATCT/NGNEG-6MC	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 226.8
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

NATtrol Influenza B, External Run Control, Low (6 X 1 mL)
NATFLUB-ERCL	Zeptometrix	6 X 1 mL	EUR 339.12
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product.

Our results suggest that low-dose, non-respiratory administration may provide a route for influenza vaccination. Furthermore, these results provide insight into the pathological role of influenza A virus in high-risk patients, including women and people with diabetes.