Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
Influenza is a major respiratory viral illness caused by infection of influenza A virus (IAV), which still persists in various global seasonal epidemics every year. the host immune response is a key factor that determines the severity of influenza infection, present an attractive target for the development of new therapies for the treatment.
Among the double track signal transduction that regulates the activation of the host immune response and function in response to infection IAV, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that wicks important signaling, downstream receptors pattern recognition (PRRS), activated by IAVs that regulate various processes cell in the immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity.
In addition, aberrant activation of MAPK overexuberant underlying the production of inflammatory mediators, promoting the development of a “cytokine storm”, the characteristics of severe respiratory viral diseases. Therefore, explanation of MAPK regulatory role in the immune response to IAVs not only important for understanding the pathogenesis of severe influenza, but it is also important to develop a MAPK-dependent therapies for the treatment of respiratory viral diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the function of MAPK in both the innate and adaptive immune responses to IAVs and discuss their contribution to the cytokine storm caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus.
Trimeric soluble recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HA) and tetrameric neuraminidases (NA) has proven to be an excellent tool to decipher biological properties. Receptor binding and cleavage of sialic acid by a recombinant protein correlated satisfactory compared with the whole virus. Expression of HA and NA can be achieved in many different laboratories host.
For the study of immunology and receptor interactions, however, insect and mammalian cell expressed proteins are preferred because of the presence of N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Because the expression of mammalian cells is widely applied, yield enhancement expression is an important goal. Here we report that the use of codon-optimized genes and fusion sfGFP, HA expression results can be improved
Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of IgG and IgA antibodies to Influenza A Virus M2 Protein
The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 (M2) protein is a viral envelope proteins conserved antigens that plays an important role in virus starters together with other envelope proteins, hemagglutinin (HA). M2-specific mouse monoclonal antibody IgG, rM2ss23, which binds to the ectodomain of the M2 protein, has been shown to be non-neutralizing antibodies, but inhibits plaque formation IAV strains.
In this study, we produce rM2ss23 chimeric (ch-rM2ss23) IgG and IgA antibodies with the same variable region and compared their antiviral activity. Using gel chromatography, ch-rM2ss23 IgA is divided into three subsets of antibodies: IgA monomer (m-IgA), dimeric IgA (d-IgA), and trimeric and tetrameric IgA (t / q-IgA).
Assay kit |
|||
| SL1999Hu | Sunlong | 96 Tests | EUR 468 |
Creatinine Assay Kit (urine normalizing assay) |
|||
| MBS480387-1Kit | MyBiosource | 1Kit | EUR 220 |
Creatinine Assay Kit (urine normalizing assay) |
|||
| MBS480387-5x1Kit | MyBiosource | 5x1Kit | EUR 960 |
Nitric Oxide (NO) assay kit (Chemical NO2¯assay) |
|||
| MBS2540417-100Assays | MyBiosource | 100Assays | EUR 250 |
Nitric Oxide (NO) assay kit (Chemical NO2¯assay) |
|||
| MBS2540417-100Tests | MyBiosource | 100Tests | EUR 250 |
Nitric Oxide (NO) assay kit (Chemical NO2¯assay) |
|||
| MBS2540417-50Assays | MyBiosource | 50Assays | EUR 230 |
Nitric Oxide (NO) assay kit (Chemical NO2¯assay) |
|||
| MBS2540417-50Tests | MyBiosource | 50Tests | EUR 230 |
Nitric Oxide (NO) assay kit (Chemical NO2¯assay) |
|||
| MBS2540417-5x100Assays | MyBiosource | 5x100Assays | EUR 1145 |
Nitric Oxide (NO) Assay Kit (Chemical NO2- assay) |
|||
| SH0063 | Jiaxing Korain Biotech Ltd (BT Labs) | 100T/96Sample | EUR 240 |
DNA Assay Kit |
|||
| 6023 | Chondrex | 1 kit | EUR 113 |
|
Description: Tissue Extract, Cultured Cells |
|||
H2S Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294158-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
H2S Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294158-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 287.5 |
H2S Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294158-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295077-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295077-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 475 |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295077-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
GAP Assay Kit |
|||
| BK105 | Cytoskeleton | KIT 80-160 assays | EUR 769.6 |
ATP assay kit |
|||
| BC102-100T48S | ELK Biotech | 100T/48S | EUR 150 |
ADA Assay Kit |
|||
| abx090675-100tests | Abbexa | 100 tests | EUR 284.4 |
ADA Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098403-Hitachi7060R190ml2R290ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 90ml×1 | EUR 886.8 |
ADA Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098403-Hitachi7170R140ml4R220ml4 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7170; R1: 40ml×4 R2: 20ml×4 | EUR 961.2 |
ADA Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098403-Hitachi7170R160ml4R260ml2 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7170; R1: 60ml×4 R2: 60ml×2 | EUR 1093.2 |
ADA Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098403-Toshiba40R150ml4R250ml2 | Abbexa | Toshiba 40; R1: 50ml×4 R2: 50ml×2 | EUR 943.2 |
POP assay kit |
|||
| GWB-911136 | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
FAD Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-AXR210 | GenWay Biotech | 100 assays | Ask for price |
FAP assay kit |
|||
| GWB-BBB243 | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
PDE Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-58EAA2 | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
ROS Assay Kit |
|||
| EGY019 | EnoGene | 100-500T | EUR 192 |
ATP assay kit |
|||
| MBS2540535-100Assays | MyBiosource | 100Assays | EUR 345 |
ATP assay kit |
|||
| MBS2540535-100Tests | MyBiosource | 100Tests | EUR 345 |
ATP assay kit |
|||
| MBS2540535-50Assays | MyBiosource | 50Assays | EUR 285 |
ATP assay kit |
|||
| MBS2540535-50Tests | MyBiosource | 50Tests | EUR 285 |
ATP assay kit |
|||
| MBS2540535-5x100Assays | MyBiosource | 5x100Assays | EUR 1560 |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| MET-5163 | Cell Biolabs | 100 assays | EUR 340 |
ADP Assay Kit |
|||
| MET-5164 | Cell Biolabs | 100 assays | EUR 340 |
ROS Assay Kit |
|||
| MBS8579548-100Tests | MyBiosource | 100Tests | EUR 295 |
ROS Assay Kit |
|||
| MBS8579548-5x100Tests | MyBiosource | 5x100Tests | EUR 1345 |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| SH0075 | Jiaxing Korain Biotech Ltd (BT Labs) | 100T/48Sample | EUR 400 |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| SH0122 | Jiaxing Korain Biotech Ltd (BT Labs) | 200T | EUR 880 |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1380 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
ADP Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1381 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
DNA Assay Kit |
|||
| Z5030023 | Biochain | 250 assays | EUR 636 |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| Z5030041 | Biochain | 100 assays | EUR 922 |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| S0026 | Beyotime Biotech Inc | 200 Tests | Ask for price |
ATP Assay Kit |
|||
| S0026B | Beyotime Biotech Inc | 200 Tests | Ask for price |
SOD Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1374 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
PEP Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1384 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
HAT Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1373 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
FAD Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1382 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
JNK Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1407 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 40 assays | Ask for price |
JNK Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1408 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 40 assays | Ask for price |
Akt Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1409 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 40 assays | Ask for price |
MDA Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1512 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
PAH Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1547 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294097-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294097-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 287.5 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294097-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298872-100Assays | Abbexa | 100 Assays | EUR 510 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298872-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298872-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 300 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298872-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298876-100Assays | Abbexa | 100 Assays | EUR 698.4 |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298876-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298876-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 425 |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298876-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| BC023-R150ml1R25ml1 | ELK Biotech | R1:50ml×1R2:5ml×1 | EUR 150 |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| BC072-R150ml1R25ml1 | ELK Biotech | R1:50ml×1R2:5ml×1 | EUR 130 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098439-Hitachi7020R140ml1R210ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7020; R1:40ml×1 R2:10ml×1 | EUR 247.2 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098439-Hitachi7170R140ml1R210ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7170; R1:40ml×1 R2:10ml×1 | EUR 247.2 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098439-Hitachi7170R160ml1R215ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7170; R1:60ml×1 R2:15ml×1 | EUR 266.4 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098439-Toshiba40R140ml1R210ml1 | Abbexa | Toshiba 40; R1:40ml×1 R2:10ml×1 | EUR 247.2 |
NGAL Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098449-Hitachi7020R140ml1R210ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7020; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1 | EUR 1130.4 |
NGAL Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098449-Hitachi7170R120ml1R25ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7170; R1: 20ml×1 R2: 5ml×1 | EUR 679.2 |
NGAL Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098449-Hitachi7170R140ml1R210ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7170; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1 | EUR 1130.4 |
NGAL Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098449-Toshiba120R140ml1R210ml1 | Abbexa | Toshiba 120; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1 | EUR 1130.4 |
NGAL Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098449-Toshiba40R140ml1R210ml1 | Abbexa | Toshiba 40; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1 | EUR 1130.4 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098464-Hitachi7020R150ml4R250ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7020; R1: 50ml×4 R2: 50ml×1 | EUR 266.4 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098464-Hitachi7060R190ml2R245ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 45ml×1 | EUR 266.4 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098464-Toshiba120R140ml4R240ml1 | Abbexa | Toshiba 120; R1: 40ml×4 R2: 40ml×1 | EUR 266.4 |
AMBP Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098467-Hitachi7060R145ml1R215ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7060; R1: 45ml×1 R2: 15ml×1 | EUR 585.6 |
AMBP Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098467-Hitachi7060R190ml2R230ml2 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 30ml×2 | EUR 622.8 |
AMBP Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098467-Hitachi7170R145ml1R215ml1 | Abbexa | Hitachi 7170; R1: 45ml×1 R2: 15ml×1 | EUR 585.6 |
AMBP Assay Kit |
|||
| abx098467-Toshiba40R145ml1R215ml1 | Abbexa | Toshiba 40; R1: 45ml×1 R2: 15ml×1 | EUR 585.6 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-AXR219 | GenWay Biotech | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-AXR222 | GenWay Biotech | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-AXR223 | GenWay Biotech | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Heme Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-AXR320 | GenWay Biotech | 100 assays | Ask for price |
DPP8 assay kit |
|||
| GWB-53E1CE | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
DPP9 assay kit |
|||
| GWB-67DE80 | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
DPP4 assay kit |
|||
| GWB-380197 | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
DPP7 assay kit |
|||
| GWB-3C2D94 | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
DPP3 assay kit |
|||
| GWB-24385A | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
GPDH Assay Kit |
|||
| KT-010 | Kamiya Biomedical Company | 100 tests | EUR 1223 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| MBS168363-200Assays | MyBiosource | 200Assays | EUR 755 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| MBS168363-5x200Assays | MyBiosource | 5x200Assays | EUR 3490 |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| MBS355922-1Kit | MyBiosource | 1Kit | EUR 310 |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| MBS355922-5x1Kit | MyBiosource | 5x1Kit | EUR 1370 |
Heme assay Kit |
|||
| MBS7615050-10x96StripWells | MyBiosource | 10x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 3900 |
Heme assay Kit |
|||
| MBS7615050-48StripWells | MyBiosource | 48-Strip-Wells | EUR 340 |
Heme assay Kit |
|||
| MBS7615050-5x96StripWells | MyBiosource | 5x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 2045 |
Heme assay Kit |
|||
| MBS7615050-96StripWells | MyBiosource | 96-Strip-Wells | EUR 455 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| STA-382 | Cell Biolabs | 192 assays | EUR 472 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| SH0067 | Jiaxing Korain Biotech Ltd (BT Labs) | 100T/96Sample | EUR 150 |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| SH0160 | Jiaxing Korain Biotech Ltd (BT Labs) | 100T/96Sample | EUR 150 |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| SH0287 | Jiaxing Korain Biotech Ltd (BT Labs) | R1：50ml×1R2：5ml×1 | EUR 320 |
HDAC Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1371 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1394 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| Z5030016 | Biochain | 500 assays | EUR 597.98 |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| Z5030022 | Biochain | 250 assays | EUR 668 |
Heme Assay Kit |
|||
| Z5030027 | Biochain | 250 assays | EUR 956.68 |
Zinc Assay Kit |
|||
| Z5030036 | Biochain | 250 assays | EUR 1106 |
ChIP Assay Kit |
|||
| P2078 | Beyotime Biotech Inc | 22 Tests | Ask for price |
Iron Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1395 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Heme Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1492 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
MMP3 Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1530 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
HDAC Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1372 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
cAMP Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1389 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
cGMP Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1390 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Urea Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1391 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
DPP4 Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1526 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
ssDNA Assay Kit |
|||
| 12645ES60 | Yeasen Biotechnology | 100T | EUR 111 |
ssDNA Assay Kit |
|||
| 12645ES76 | Yeasen Biotechnology | 500T | EUR 565 |
Thiol Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298894-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
Thiol Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298894-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 250 |
Thiol Assay Kit |
|||
| abx298894-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
PDE3B Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-91CCA8 | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
PDE1B Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-A6FB4F | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
PDE3A Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-B391E0 | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
PDE2A Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-F32A12 | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
PDE7A Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PS0CBC | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
Renin Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PS0DBB | GenWay Biotech | 100reactions | Ask for price |
PDE5A Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PS22C9 | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
Sirt3 Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PS340F | GenWay Biotech | 32rxns | Ask for price |
PDE1C Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PS7A7F | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
PDE7B Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PSB279 | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
PDE9A Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PSBEDB | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
Sirt2 Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PSD5AD | GenWay Biotech | 96rxns | Ask for price |
PDE1A Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PSE2EC | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
PDE8A Assay Kit |
|||
| GWB-PSFAFC | GenWay Biotech | 96reactions | Ask for price |
sFasL Assay kit |
|||
| KT-001 | Kamiya Biomedical Company | 96 Tests | EUR 764 |
HDAC8 Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1379 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
TBARS Assay Kit |
|||
| NB-E30641 | Novatein Biosciences, Inc. |
|
|
Comet Assay Kit |
|||
| C2041M | Beyotime Biotech Inc | 100 Tests | Ask for price |
Comet Assay Kit |
|||
| C2041S | Beyotime Biotech Inc | 20 Tests | Ask for price |
HDAC3 Assay Kit |
|||
| 55R-1377 | Fitzgerald Industries International | 100 assays | Ask for price |
Sodium Assay Kit |
|||
| 80179 | Crystal Chem | 96 | EUR 380 |
ATPase Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294079-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
ATPase Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294079-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 287.5 |
ATPase Assay Kit |
|||
| abx294079-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
Copper Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295057-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
Copper Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295057-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 337.5 |
Copper Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295057-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
Lipase Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295072-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
Lipase Assay Kit |
|||
| abx295072-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 350 |
We found that t / q-IgA have significantly higher capacity to reduce plaque size of IAVs of m-IgG and IgA, most likely caused by a decrease in the number of offspring produced virus particles from infected cells. Interestingly, HA-M2 colocalization was greatly reduced on the surface of infected cells with antibodies ch-rM2ss23. These results indicate that the polymeric IgA anti-M2 Limit beginner IAV more efficient than IgG and suggested the role of anti-M2 IgA cross-protective immunity IAVs.