Influenza is a major respiratory viral illness caused by infection of influenza A virus (IAV), which still persists in various global seasonal epidemics every year. the host immune response is a key factor that determines the severity of influenza infection, present an attractive target for the development of new therapies for the treatment.
Among the double track signal transduction that regulates the activation of the host immune response and function in response to infection IAV, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that wicks important signaling, downstream receptors pattern recognition (PRRS), activated by IAVs that regulate various processes cell in the immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity.
In addition, aberrant activation of MAPK overexuberant underlying the production of inflammatory mediators, promoting the development of a “cytokine storm”, the characteristics of severe respiratory viral diseases. Therefore, explanation of MAPK regulatory role in the immune response to IAVs not only important for understanding the pathogenesis of severe influenza, but it is also important to develop a MAPK-dependent therapies for the treatment of respiratory viral diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the function of MAPK in both the innate and adaptive immune responses to IAVs and discuss their contribution to the cytokine storm caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus.
Trimeric soluble recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HA) and tetrameric neuraminidases (NA) has proven to be an excellent tool to decipher biological properties. Receptor binding and cleavage of sialic acid by a recombinant protein correlated satisfactory compared with the whole virus. Expression of HA and NA can be achieved in many different laboratories host.
For the study of immunology and receptor interactions, however, insect and mammalian cell expressed proteins are preferred because of the presence of N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Because the expression of mammalian cells is widely applied, yield enhancement expression is an important goal. Here we report that the use of codon-optimized genes and fusion sfGFP, HA expression results can be improved
Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of IgG and IgA antibodies to Influenza A Virus M2 Protein
The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 (M2) protein is a viral envelope proteins conserved antigens that plays an important role in virus starters together with other envelope proteins, hemagglutinin (HA). M2-specific mouse monoclonal antibody IgG, rM2ss23, which binds to the ectodomain of the M2 protein, has been shown to be non-neutralizing antibodies, but inhibits plaque formation IAV strains.
In this study, we produce rM2ss23 chimeric (ch-rM2ss23) IgG and IgA antibodies with the same variable region and compared their antiviral activity. Using gel chromatography, ch-rM2ss23 IgA is divided into three subsets of antibodies: IgA monomer (m-IgA), dimeric IgA (d-IgA), and trimeric and tetrameric IgA (t / q-IgA).
Description: RET is a receptor kinase for GDNF (glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor) family ligands (GFLs). Activation of wild-type RET is important in several cancers where it contributes to tumor progression through various mechanisms. In addition, it has been shown that activating mutation as well as RET rearrangement that leads constitutively active protein plays a significant role in various cancer types. Importantly, small molecule inhibitors of RET have been clinically proved as a promising therapeutic reagent in medullary thyroid cancer and are being evaluated for other types of cancers related to RET overexpression or mutation. The RET Assay Kit is designed to measure RET activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The RET Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant RET enzyme, RET substrate peptide (IRF-1Rtide), ATP and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: Bruton's tyrosine kinase or BTK, is an enzyme that plays a role in the functionality and maturation of B cells. The BTK pathway has implications for a number of autoimmune disorders including isolated growth hormone deficiency type III and rheumatoid arthritis. The BTK Assay Kit is designed to measure BTK activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The BTK Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant BTK enzyme, PolyGluTyr peptide, ATP, and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: SYK of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases plays a role in autoimmune diseases like Epstein Barr virus and hematopoietic malignancies. The SYK Assay Kit is designed to measure SYK activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: SRC is a member of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that plays a role in many cellular functions, including cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. SRC has been implicated in diseases such as chronic kidney disease and metastatic bone disease. The SRC Assay Kit is designed to measure SRC activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The SRC Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant SRC enzyme, Protein Tyrosine Kinase Substrate (Poly-Glu,Tyr 4:1), ATP, and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: The LCK Assay Kit is designed to measure LCK activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The Fluorogenic Prolyl OligoPeptidase (POP)_x000D_ Assay Kit is a complete assay system designed to measure activity of the purified POP_x000D_ enzyme. The Fluorogenic POP Activity Kit eliminates the dealing with radioactive_x000D_ materials and chromatography in traditional assays. Purified human recombinant POP is_x000D_ included in the kit as a positive control. Using this kit, only one simple step, in which the_x000D_ fluorometric substrate is incubated with purified POP, is needed to analyze the POP_x000D_activity level. The resulting fluorescent product can then be easily measured with a_x000D_ microtiter-plate fluorimeter.
Description: The Fluorogenic FAP Assay Kit is designed to measure FAP activity using purified_x000D_FAP for screening and profiling applications. _x000D_The key to the Fluorogenic FAP Assay Kit is the fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit,_x000D_only one simple step on a microtiter plate is required for FAP reactions. The DPP_x000D_fluorometric substrate is incubated with a sample containing FAP enzyme to produce a_x000D_fluorophore that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The FYN Assay Kit is designed to measure FYN activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRK) are a family of tyrosine receptor kinases, which include TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. TrkA is activated by binding to nerve growth factor (NGF), resulting in activation of cell proliferation through the RAS/MAPK/ERK and PLCγ/PI3K pathways. Constitutive activation of TrkA is associated with colorectal cancer, suggesting TrkA inhibitors may have potential therapeutic value. The TrkA Assay Kit is designed to measure TrkA activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The TrkA Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant TrkA enzyme, TrkA substrate, ATP and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. CDKs are active only when bound to their regulator proteins, cyclins. CDK activity is tightly controlled for successful cell division. Since abnormal cell division represents cancer pathology, controlling CDK activity has been shown as a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, CDK1 plays an important role in mitotic progression. The CDK1 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK1/CyclinB1 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. CDKs are active only when bound to their regulator proteins, cyclins. CDK activity is tightly controlled for successful cell division. Since abnormal cell division represents cancer pathology, controlling CDK activity has been shown as a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, CDK2 plays an important role in DNA replication. The CDK2 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK2/CyclinA2 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: CDK5 is an unconventional member of the CDK family. It is expressed in post-mitotic neurons, and its activity is regulated by neuron-specific activators p35/p25 and p39 rather than the cyclins. It has been suggested that CDK5 plays several roles in the nervous system, including Tau aggregation and tangle formation. The CDK5 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK5 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) assembled with Cyclin H and MAT1 comprises an important sub-component of the transcription factor TFIIH. It is known to have dual roles, which include transcription regulation via phosphorylating the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II as well as controlling cell cycle progression as a CDK activating kinase (CAK). The CDK7 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK7/Cyclin H/MAT1 activity for screening and profiling applications, using ADP-Glo® as a detection reagent.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is the catalytic subunit of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, a key player in the production of mature RNA. The CDK9 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK9/CyclinT activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The CDK9 Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant CDK9/CyclinT enzyme, CDK substrate peptide 2, ATP and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) assembles with the "D" type of Cyclins, e.g. cyclins D1, D2, and D3, and play a pivotal role in the cell cycle entering the S phase. Dysregulation of the activity of CDK4 is related to many different cancers, indicating CDK4 inhibitors as promising anticancer treatments. In fact, multiple CDK4 inhibitors, including Palbociclib, were approved by the FDA recently. The CDK4 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK4/CyclinD3 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® Max as a detection reagent.
Description: Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase YES1 has been implicated in regulation of cell growth and survival, apoptosis, cell-cell adhesion, and differentiation. It has been identified as a potential target in basal-like breast cancers. The YES1 Assay Kit is designed to measure YES1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The YES1 Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant YES1 enzyme, Protein Tyrosine Kinase Substrate (Poly-Glu,Tyr 4:1), ATP, and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: The HPK1 Assay Kit is designed to measure HPK1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The cKIT Assay Kit is designed to measure cKIT activity for screening and profiling applications using ADP-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The TBK1 Assay Kit is designed to measure TBK1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The PIM2 Assay Kit is designed to measure PIM2 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The PIM1 Assay Kit is designed to measure PIM1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The PIM3 Assay Kit is designed to measure PIM3 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is an important enzyme in fatty acid synthesis and cancer metabolism. The ACLY Assay Kit is designed to measure ACLY activity for screening and profiling applications using ADP-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The Wee1 Assay Kit is designed to measure Wee1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The Fluorogenic DPP3 Assay Kit is designed to measure DPP3 activity using purified DPP3 for screening or profiling applications. The key to the Fluorogenic DPP3 Assay Kit is the specific, fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit, only one simple step on a microtiter plate is required for DPP3 reactions; no time-consuming washing steps are required. The fluorometric substrate is incubated with a sample containing DPP3 enzyme to produce a fluorophore that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The Fluorogenic DPP4 Assay Kit is_x000D_designed to measure DPP4 activity using purified DPP4 for screening and profiling applications._x000D_ The key to the Fluorogenic DPP4 Assay Kit_x000D_is the specific, fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit, only one simple step on a microtiter_x000D_plate is required for DPP4 reactions; no time-consuming washing steps are required. The DPP fluorometric substrate is incubated with a_x000D_sample containing DPP4 enzyme to produce a fluorophore that can then be measured_x000D_using a fluorescence reader._x000D_
Description: The Fluorogenic DPP7 Assay Kit is_x000D_designed to measure DPP7 activity using purified DPP7 for screening and profiling applications._x000D_The key to the Fluorogenic DPP7 Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific, fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit, only one simple step on a microtiter plate is_x000D_required for DPP7 reactions. The fluorometric substrate is incubated with a sample_x000D_containing DPP7 enzyme to produce a fluorophore that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence reader.
Description: The Fluorogenic DPP8_x000D_Assay Kit is designed to measure DPP8 activity using purified DPP8 for screening and_x000D_profiling applications. The key to_x000D_the Fluorogenic DPP8 Assay Kit is the fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit, only one_x000D_simple step on a microtiter plate is required for DPP8 reactions. The fluorometric_x000D_substrate is incubated with a sample containing DPP8 enzyme to produce a fluorophore_x000D_that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader._x000D_
Description: The Fluorogenic_x000D_DPP9 Assay Kit is designed to measure DPP9 activity using purified DPP9 for screening_x000D_and profiling applications. The_x000D_key to the Fluorogenic DPP9 Assay Kit is the fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit,_x000D_only one simple step on a microtiter plate is required for DPP9 reactions. The fluorometric_x000D_substrate is incubated with a sample containing DPP9 enzyme to produce a_x000D_fluorophore that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The HER4 Assay Kit is designed to measure HER4 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The AKT1 Assay Kit is designed to measure AKT1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: Cell Biolabs? Urea Assay Kit is based on the Berthelot reaction. Urea is first degraded into ammonia and carbon dioxide, which further reacts with an alkaline developer to produce a blue-green colored product that can be measured with a standard spectrophotometric plate reader at an optical density between 580-630 nm. Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to 192 assays, including blanks, urea standards and unknown samples.
Description: The PDE6C Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE6C inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE6C to the binding agent.Phosphodiesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in dye-labeled cyclic monophosphates. Beads selectively bind the phosphate group in the nucleotide product. This increases the size of the nucleotide relative to unreacted cyclic monophosphate. In the polarization assay, dye molecules with absorption transition vectors parallel to the linearly-polarized excitation light are selectively excited. Dyes attached to the rapidly-rotating cyclic monophosphates will obtain random orientations and emit light with low polarization. Dyes attached to the slowly-rotating nucleotide-bead complexes will not have time to reorient and therefore will emit highly polarized light._x000D_The PDE6C inhibitor screening assay kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with purified PDE6C enzyme, fluorescently labeled PDE6 substrate (cGMP), binding agent, and PDE assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions. The key to the PDE6C Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE6C reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cGMP is incubated with PDE6C for 1 hour. Second, the binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization._x000D_
Description: The GSK3α Assay Kit is designed to measure GSK3α activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® (Promega) as a detection reagent.
Description: The GSK3β Assay Kit is designed to measure GSK3β activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® (Promega) as a detection reagent.
Description: The PDE3A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE3A inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE3A to the binding agent. REPLACES #60330
Description: The FGFR2 Assay Kit is designed to measure FGFR2 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The FGFR4 Assay Kit is designed to measure FGFR4 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The Renin Assay Kit is designed to_x000D_measure Renin activity for screening and profiling applications. It comes in a convenient_x000D_96-well format, with purified, activated renin, renin substrate, and assay buffer for 100_x000D_enzyme reactions. Aliskiren Hydrochloride is also included as a control for renin_x000D_inhibition. The key to the Renin Assay Kit is the specific, fluorogenic substrate. Using this_x000D_kit, only one simple step on a microtiter plate is required for renin reactions. The_x000D_fluorometric substrate is incubated with a sample containing renin enzyme to produce a_x000D_fluorophore that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The EPHA2 Assay Kit is designed to measure EPHA2 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The SPHK1 Assay Kit is designed to measure SPHK1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: Bace1 (β-secretase 1) is an aspartic protease that is involved in the processing of the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). Cleavage of APP by BACE1 followed by γ-secretase results in β-amyloid peptide production, which ultimately leads toxic Aβ accumulation. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), it has been widely accepted that Aβ aggregation plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis, suggesting that BACE1 could be a potential target to treat AD. The BACE1 FRET Assay Kit is designed to measure BACE1 activity for screening and profiling applications based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using a labeled peptide substrate (below).
Description: The HSP70 Assay Kit is a chemiluminescence assay kit designed to measure HSP70 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis activity for screening and profiling applications using ADP-Glo® Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The PDE1A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE1A inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE1A1 to the binding agent. The key to the PDE1A Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE1A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE1A1 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader._x000D_
Description: The PDE1B Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE1B inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE1B to the binding agent. The key to the PDE1B Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE1B reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE1B for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is_x000D_added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be_x000D_measured using a fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence_x000D_polarization.
Description: The PDE1C Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE1C inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE1C to the binding agent. The key to the PDE1C Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are_x000D_required for PDE1C reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a_x000D_sample containing PDE1C for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction_x000D_mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE2A Assay Kit is_x000D_designed for identification of PDE2A1 inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The_x000D_assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by_x000D_PDE2A1 to the binding agent. The key to the PDE2A Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are_x000D_required for PDE2A1 reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a_x000D_sample containing PDE2A1 for 1 hour. Second, binding agent is added to the reaction mix to_x000D_produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence readerequipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization._x000D_
Description: The PDE2A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE2A inhibitors using_x000D_fluorescence polarization.The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide_x000D_monophosphate generated by PDE2A to the binding agent. PDE2A catalyzes the hydrolysis of_x000D_the phosphodiester bond in dye-labeled cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)._x000D_Nanoparticle beads selectively bind the phosphate group in the nucleotide product. This_x000D_increases the size of the nucleotide relative to unreacted cAMP. Since the degree of polarization_x000D_of a fluorophore is inversely related to its molecular rotation, dyes attached to the slowly-rotating_x000D_nucleotide-bead complexes will not have time to reorient and therefore will emit highly polarized_x000D_light. Conversely, dyes attached to the rapidly-rotating cyclic monophosphates will obtain_x000D_random orientations and emit light with low polarization. The key to the PDE2A Assay Kit is the specific_x000D_binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE2A_x000D_reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE2A1_x000D_for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in_x000D_fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE3B Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE3B inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE3B to the binding agent. The key to the PDE3B Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are_x000D_required for PDE3B reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a_x000D_sample containing PDE3B for 1 hour. Second, binding agent is added to the reaction mix to_x000D_produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization.
Description: The PDE4A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE4A inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE4A to the binding agent. The key to the_x000D_PDE4A1A Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on_x000D_a microtiter plate are required for PDE4A1A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled_x000D_cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE4A1A for 1 hour. Second, a binding_x000D_agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that_x000D_can then be measured using a fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of_x000D_fluorescence polarization.
Description: The PDE7A Assay Kit is designed_x000D_for identification of PDE7A inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is_x000D_based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE7A_x000D_to the binding agent. The key to the PDE7A_x000D_Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a_x000D_microtiter plate are required for PDE7A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP_x000D_is incubated with a sample containing PDE7A for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is_x000D_added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then_x000D_be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE7B Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE7B inhibitors using fluorescence_x000D_polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide_x000D_monophosphate generated by PDE7B to the binding agent. The key to the PDE7B Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are_x000D_required for PDE7B reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a_x000D_sample containing PDE7B for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction_x000D_mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE7A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE7A inhibitors using_x000D_fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide_x000D_monophosphate generated by PDE7A to the binding agent. PDE7A catalyzes the hydrolysis of_x000D_the phosphodiester bond in dye-labeled cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)._x000D_Nanoparticle beads selectively bind the phosphate group in the nucleotide product. This_x000D_increases the size of the nucleotide relative to unreacted cAMP. Since the degree of polarization_x000D_of a fluorophore is inversely related to its molecular rotation, dyes attached to the slowly-rotating_x000D_nucleotide-bead complexes will not have time to reorient and therefore will emit highly polarized_x000D_light. Conversely, dyes attached to the rapidly-rotating cyclic monophosphates will obtain_x000D_random orientations and emit light with low polarization. The key to the PDE7A Assay Kit is the specific_x000D_binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE7A_x000D_reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE7A_x000D_for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in_x000D_fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE8A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE8A inhibitors_x000D_using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent_x000D_nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE8A to the binding agent. The key to the PDE8A_x000D_Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a_x000D_microtiter plate are required for PDE8A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP_x000D_is incubated with a sample containing PDE8A for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is_x000D_added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then_x000D_be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE9A_x000D_Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE9A inhibitors using fluorescence_x000D_polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide_x000D_monophosphate generated by PDE9A to the binding agent. The key to the PDE9A Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are_x000D_required for PDE9A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cGMP is incubated with a_x000D_sample containing PDE9A for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction_x000D_mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence reader._x000D_
Description: The PDE1C Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE1C inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE1C to the binding agent. The key to the PDE1C Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE1C reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE1C for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE3B Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE3B inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE3B to the binding agent. The key to the PDE3B Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE3B reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE3B for 1 hour. Second, binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization.
Description: The PDE4C1 Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE4C1 inhibitors_x000D_using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide_x000D_monophosphate generated by PDE4C1 to the binding agent. The key to the PDE4C1 Assay Kit is the specific_x000D_binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for_x000D_PDE4C1 reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing_x000D_PDE4C1 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change_x000D_in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play an important role in dynamic regulation of cAMP and cGMP signaling. PDE4 selective inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of diseases related to inflammatory disorders. PDE4B1 isoform expression predominates in cortex, however lower expression of PDE4B1 has been observed in the cerebella of subjects with autism when compared with matched controls. The PDE4B1 Assay Kit is designed for identification of inhibitors of PDE4B1 using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE4B1 to the binding agent._x000D_Phosphodiesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in dye-labeled cyclic monophosphates. Beads selectively bind the phosphate group in the nucleotide product. This increases the size of the nucleotide relative to unreacted cyclic monophosphate. In the polarization assay, dye molecules with absorption transition vectors parallel to the linearly-polarized excitation light are selectively excited. Dyes attached to the rapidly-rotating cyclic monophosphates will obtain random orientations and emit light with low polarization. Dyes attached to the slowly-rotating nucleotide-bead complexes will not have time to reorient and therefore will emit highly polarized light._x000D_The PDE4B1 Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with purified PDE4B1 enzyme, fluorescently labeled PDE4B1 substrate (cAMP), binding agent, and PDE assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions. The key to the PDE4B1 Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE4B1 reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE4B1 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization.
Description: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play an important role in dynamic regulation of cAMP and cGMP signaling. PDE4 selective inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of diseases related to inflammatory disorders. PDE4B3 mRNA is readily expressed in both oligodendrocytes and neurons and it is the first cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase to be associated with hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), the most prominent cellular model for learning and memory formation. The PDE4B3 Assay Kit is designed for identification of inhibitors of PDE4B3 using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE4B3 to the binding agent._x000D_Phosphodiesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in dye-labeled cyclic monophosphates. Beads selectively bind the phosphate group in the nucleotide product. This increases the size of the nucleotide relative to unreacted cyclic monophosphate. In the polarization assay, dye molecules with absorption transition vectors parallel to the linearly-polarized excitation light are selectively excited. Dyes attached to the rapidly-rotating cyclic monophosphates will obtain random orientations and emit light with low polarization. Dyes attached to the slowly-rotating nucleotide-bead complexes will not have time to reorient and therefore will emit highly polarized light._x000D_The PDE4B3 Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with purified PDE4B3 enzyme, fluorescently labeled PDE4B3 substrate (cAMP), binding agent, and PDE assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions. The key to the PDE4B3 Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE4B3 reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing PDE4B3 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization.
Description: The NMNAT1 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit is designed to measure NMNAT1 activity for screening and profiling applications. The NMNAT1 assay kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with purified recombinant NMNAT1 enzyme, NMNAT1 assay buffer, NMN, and ATP sufficient for 96 enzyme reactions.
Description: The PDE4B2 Assay_x000D_Kit is designed for identification of inhibitors of PDE4B2 using fluorescence polarization. The_x000D_assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by_x000D_PDE4B2 to the binding agent. The key to the PDE4B2 Assay Kit is the specific binding_x000D_agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE4B2_x000D_reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing_x000D_PDE4B2 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a_x000D_change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader_x000D_equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization.
Description: The PDE4D2 Assay Kit is designed for identification of_x000D_inhibitors of PDE4D2 using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of_x000D_a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE4D2 to the binding agent. The key to the PDE4D2 Assay Kit is the specific binding_x000D_agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE4D2_x000D_reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing_x000D_PDE4D2 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a_x000D_change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader_x000D_equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization._x000D_
Description: The PDE4D3 Assay Kit is designed for identification of_x000D_inhibitors of PDE4D3 using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of_x000D_a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE4D3 to the binding agent. The key to the PDE4D3 Assay Kit is the specific binding_x000D_agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE4D3_x000D_reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing_x000D_PDE4D3 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a_x000D_change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader_x000D_equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization._x000D_
Description: The_x000D_PDE5A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE5A inhibitors using fluorescence_x000D_polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide_x000D_monophosphate generated by PDE5A to the binding agent. The key to the PDE5A Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are_x000D_required for PDE5A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cGMP is incubated with_x000D_PDE5A for 1 hour. Second, the binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a_x000D_change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization.
Description: The PDE5A1 Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE5A1 inhibitors_x000D_using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent_x000D_nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE5A to the binding agent. PDE5A catalyzes the_x000D_hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in dye-labeled cyclic guanosine monophosphate._x000D_Nanoparticle beads selectively bind the phosphate group in the nucleotide product. This_x000D_increases the size of the nucleotide relative to unreacted cyclic guanosine monophosphate. In_x000D_the polarization assay, dye molecules with absorption transition vectors parallel to the linearlypolarized_x000D_excitation light are selectively excited. Dyes attached to the rapidly-rotating cyclic_x000D_monophosphates will obtain random orientations and emit light with low polarization. Dyes_x000D_attached to the slowly-rotating nucleotide-bead complexes will not have time to reorient and_x000D_therefore will emit highly polarized light._x000D__x000D_The key to the PDE5A1 Assay Kit is the specific_x000D_binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for_x000D_PDE5A1 reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cGMP is incubated with a sample containing_x000D_PDE5A1 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change_x000D_in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE10A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE10A inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE10A to the binding agent. The key to the PDE10A Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for PDE10A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP_x000D_is incubated with a sample containing PDE10A for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is_x000D_added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be_x000D_measured using a fluorescence reader equipped for the measurement of fluorescence polarization.
Description: The PDE11A Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE11A inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide monophosphate generated by PDE11A to the_x000D_binding agent. The key to the PDE11A Assay Kit is the specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a_x000D_microtiter plate are required for PDE11A reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP_x000D_is incubated with a sample containing PDE11A for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is_x000D_added to the reaction mix to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then_x000D_be measured using a fluorescence reader._x000D_
Description: The HSP90α Assay Kit is designed for identification of HSP90α inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the competition of fluorescently labeled geldanamycin for binding to purified recombinant HSP90α. The key to the HSP90α Assay Kit is the fluorescently labeled geldanamycin. Using this kit, only one simple step on a microtiter plate is required for HSP90α reactions. The fluorescently labeled geldanamycin is incubated with a sample containing HSP90α enzyme to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The HSP90β Assay Kit is designed for identification of HSP90β inhibitors using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the competition of fluorescently labeled geldanamycin for binding to purified recombinant HSP90β. The key to the HSP90β Assay Kit is the fluorescently labeled geldanamycin. Using this kit, only one simple step on a microtiter plate is required for HSP90β reactions. The fluorescently labeled geldanamycin is incubated with a sample containing HSP90β enzyme to produce a change in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The PDE10A1 Assay Kit is designed for identification of PDE10A1 inhibitors_x000D_using fluorescence polarization. The assay is based on the binding of a fluorescent nucleotide_x000D_monophosphate generated by PDE10A1 to the binding agent. The key to the PDE10A1 Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific binding agent. Using this kit, only two simple steps on a microtiter plate are required for_x000D_PDE10A1 reactions. First, the fluorescently labeled cAMP is incubated with a sample containing_x000D_PDE10A1 for 1 hour. Second, a binding agent is added to the reaction mix to produce a change_x000D_in fluorescent polarization that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Calpain in the research laboratory
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We found that t / q-IgA have significantly higher capacity to reduce plaque size of IAVs of m-IgG and IgA, most likely caused by a decrease in the number of offspring produced virus particles from infected cells. Interestingly, HA-M2 colocalization was greatly reduced on the surface of infected cells with antibodies ch-rM2ss23. These results indicate that the polymeric IgA anti-M2 Limit beginner IAV more efficient than IgG and suggested the role of anti-M2 IgA cross-protective immunity IAVs.
