Influenza is a major respiratory viral illness caused by infection of influenza A virus (IAV), which still persists in various global seasonal epidemics every year. the host immune response is a key factor that determines the severity of influenza infection, present an attractive target for the development of new therapies for the treatment.
Among the double track signal transduction that regulates the activation of the host immune response and function in response to infection IAV, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that wicks important signaling, downstream receptors pattern recognition (PRRS), activated by IAVs that regulate various processes cell in the immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity.
In addition, aberrant activation of MAPK overexuberant underlying the production of inflammatory mediators, promoting the development of a “cytokine storm”, the characteristics of severe respiratory viral diseases. Therefore, explanation of MAPK regulatory role in the immune response to IAVs not only important for understanding the pathogenesis of severe influenza, but it is also important to develop a MAPK-dependent therapies for the treatment of respiratory viral diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the function of MAPK in both the innate and adaptive immune responses to IAVs and discuss their contribution to the cytokine storm caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus.
Trimeric soluble recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HA) and tetrameric neuraminidases (NA) has proven to be an excellent tool to decipher biological properties. Receptor binding and cleavage of sialic acid by a recombinant protein correlated satisfactory compared with the whole virus. Expression of HA and NA can be achieved in many different laboratories host.
For the study of immunology and receptor interactions, however, insect and mammalian cell expressed proteins are preferred because of the presence of N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Because the expression of mammalian cells is widely applied, yield enhancement expression is an important goal. Here we report that the use of codon-optimized genes and fusion sfGFP, HA expression results can be improved
Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of IgG and IgA antibodies to Influenza A Virus M2 Protein
The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 (M2) protein is a viral envelope proteins conserved antigens that plays an important role in virus starters together with other envelope proteins, hemagglutinin (HA). M2-specific mouse monoclonal antibody IgG, rM2ss23, which binds to the ectodomain of the M2 protein, has been shown to be non-neutralizing antibodies, but inhibits plaque formation IAV strains.
In this study, we produce rM2ss23 chimeric (ch-rM2ss23) IgG and IgA antibodies with the same variable region and compared their antiviral activity. Using gel chromatography, ch-rM2ss23 IgA is divided into three subsets of antibodies: IgA monomer (m-IgA), dimeric IgA (d-IgA), and trimeric and tetrameric IgA (t / q-IgA).
Description: This Blocking Buffer 1 is optimized for minimizing background in various BPS Bioscience assay kits. The BPS Bioscience Blocking Buffer improves S/B ratio of HMTs NSD2 and SetDB2 ELISAs with respect to competitor blocking buffer by both decreasing background (0% Activity control, no enzyme) and increasing assay signal (100% Activity control, enzyme without inhibitor).
Description: The FYN Assay Kit is designed to measure FYN activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: RET is a receptor kinase for GDNF (glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor) family ligands (GFLs). Activation of wild-type RET is important in several cancers where it contributes to tumor progression through various mechanisms. In addition, it has been shown that activating mutation as well as RET rearrangement that leads constitutively active protein plays a significant role in various cancer types. Importantly, small molecule inhibitors of RET have been clinically proved as a promising therapeutic reagent in medullary thyroid cancer and are being evaluated for other types of cancers related to RET overexpression or mutation. The RET Assay Kit is designed to measure RET activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The RET Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant RET enzyme, RET substrate peptide (IRF-1Rtide), ATP and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: Bruton's tyrosine kinase or BTK, is an enzyme that plays a role in the functionality and maturation of B cells. The BTK pathway has implications for a number of autoimmune disorders including isolated growth hormone deficiency type III and rheumatoid arthritis. The BTK Assay Kit is designed to measure BTK activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The BTK Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant BTK enzyme, PolyGluTyr peptide, ATP, and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: SYK of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases plays a role in autoimmune diseases like Epstein Barr virus and hematopoietic malignancies. The SYK Assay Kit is designed to measure SYK activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: SRC is a member of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that plays a role in many cellular functions, including cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. SRC has been implicated in diseases such as chronic kidney disease and metastatic bone disease. The SRC Assay Kit is designed to measure SRC activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The SRC Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant SRC enzyme, Protein Tyrosine Kinase Substrate (Poly-Glu,Tyr 4:1), ATP, and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: The LCK Assay Kit is designed to measure LCK activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The Fluorogenic Prolyl OligoPeptidase (POP)_x000D_ Assay Kit is a complete assay system designed to measure activity of the purified POP_x000D_ enzyme. The Fluorogenic POP Activity Kit eliminates the dealing with radioactive_x000D_ materials and chromatography in traditional assays. Purified human recombinant POP is_x000D_ included in the kit as a positive control. Using this kit, only one simple step, in which the_x000D_ fluorometric substrate is incubated with purified POP, is needed to analyze the POP_x000D_activity level. The resulting fluorescent product can then be easily measured with a_x000D_ microtiter-plate fluorimeter.
Description: The Fluorogenic FAP Assay Kit is designed to measure FAP activity using purified_x000D_FAP for screening and profiling applications. _x000D_The key to the Fluorogenic FAP Assay Kit is the fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit,_x000D_only one simple step on a microtiter plate is required for FAP reactions. The DPP_x000D_fluorometric substrate is incubated with a sample containing FAP enzyme to produce a_x000D_fluorophore that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader.
Description: The HER4 Assay Kit is designed to measure HER4 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The AKT1 Assay Kit is designed to measure AKT1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRK) are a family of tyrosine receptor kinases, which include TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. TrkA is activated by binding to nerve growth factor (NGF), resulting in activation of cell proliferation through the RAS/MAPK/ERK and PLCγ/PI3K pathways. Constitutive activation of TrkA is associated with colorectal cancer, suggesting TrkA inhibitors may have potential therapeutic value. The TrkA Assay Kit is designed to measure TrkA activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The TrkA Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant TrkA enzyme, TrkA substrate, ATP and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. CDKs are active only when bound to their regulator proteins, cyclins. CDK activity is tightly controlled for successful cell division. Since abnormal cell division represents cancer pathology, controlling CDK activity has been shown as a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, CDK1 plays an important role in mitotic progression. The CDK1 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK1/CyclinB1 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. CDKs are active only when bound to their regulator proteins, cyclins. CDK activity is tightly controlled for successful cell division. Since abnormal cell division represents cancer pathology, controlling CDK activity has been shown as a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, CDK2 plays an important role in DNA replication. The CDK2 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK2/CyclinA2 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: CDK5 is an unconventional member of the CDK family. It is expressed in post-mitotic neurons, and its activity is regulated by neuron-specific activators p35/p25 and p39 rather than the cyclins. It has been suggested that CDK5 plays several roles in the nervous system, including Tau aggregation and tangle formation. The CDK5 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK5 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) assembled with Cyclin H and MAT1 comprises an important sub-component of the transcription factor TFIIH. It is known to have dual roles, which include transcription regulation via phosphorylating the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II as well as controlling cell cycle progression as a CDK activating kinase (CAK). The CDK7 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK7/Cyclin H/MAT1 activity for screening and profiling applications, using ADP-Glo® as a detection reagent.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is the catalytic subunit of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, a key player in the production of mature RNA. The CDK9 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK9/CyclinT activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The CDK9 Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant CDK9/CyclinT enzyme, CDK substrate peptide 2, ATP and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) assembles with the "D" type of Cyclins, e.g. cyclins D1, D2, and D3, and play a pivotal role in the cell cycle entering the S phase. Dysregulation of the activity of CDK4 is related to many different cancers, indicating CDK4 inhibitors as promising anticancer treatments. In fact, multiple CDK4 inhibitors, including Palbociclib, were approved by the FDA recently. The CDK4 Assay Kit is designed to measure CDK4/CyclinD3 activity for screening and profiling applications, using Kinase-Glo® Max as a detection reagent.
Description: Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase YES1 has been implicated in regulation of cell growth and survival, apoptosis, cell-cell adhesion, and differentiation. It has been identified as a potential target in basal-like breast cancers. The YES1 Assay Kit is designed to measure YES1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent. The YES1 Assay Kit comes in a convenient 96-well format, with enough purified recombinant YES1 enzyme, Protein Tyrosine Kinase Substrate (Poly-Glu,Tyr 4:1), ATP, and kinase assay buffer for 100 enzyme reactions.
Description: The HPK1 Assay Kit is designed to measure HPK1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The cKIT Assay Kit is designed to measure cKIT activity for screening and profiling applications using ADP-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The TBK1 Assay Kit is designed to measure TBK1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The PIM2 Assay Kit is designed to measure PIM2 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The PIM1 Assay Kit is designed to measure PIM1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: The PIM3 Assay Kit is designed to measure PIM3 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® MAX as a detection reagent.
Description: ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is an important enzyme in fatty acid synthesis and cancer metabolism. The ACLY Assay Kit is designed to measure ACLY activity for screening and profiling applications using ADP-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The Wee1 Assay Kit is designed to measure Wee1 activity for screening and profiling applications using Kinase-Glo® Kinase Assay as a detection reagent.
Description: The Fluorogenic DPP4 Assay Kit is_x000D_designed to measure DPP4 activity using purified DPP4 for screening and profiling applications._x000D_ The key to the Fluorogenic DPP4 Assay Kit_x000D_is the specific, fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit, only one simple step on a microtiter_x000D_plate is required for DPP4 reactions; no time-consuming washing steps are required. The DPP fluorometric substrate is incubated with a_x000D_sample containing DPP4 enzyme to produce a fluorophore that can then be measured_x000D_using a fluorescence reader._x000D_
Description: The Fluorogenic DPP7 Assay Kit is_x000D_designed to measure DPP7 activity using purified DPP7 for screening and profiling applications._x000D_The key to the Fluorogenic DPP7 Assay Kit is the_x000D_specific, fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit, only one simple step on a microtiter plate is_x000D_required for DPP7 reactions. The fluorometric substrate is incubated with a sample_x000D_containing DPP7 enzyme to produce a fluorophore that can then be measured using a_x000D_fluorescence reader.
Description: The Fluorogenic DPP8_x000D_Assay Kit is designed to measure DPP8 activity using purified DPP8 for screening and_x000D_profiling applications. The key to_x000D_the Fluorogenic DPP8 Assay Kit is the fluorogenic substrate. Using this kit, only one_x000D_simple step on a microtiter plate is required for DPP8 reactions. The fluorometric_x000D_substrate is incubated with a sample containing DPP8 enzyme to produce a fluorophore_x000D_that can then be measured using a fluorescence reader._x000D_
We found that t / q-IgA have significantly higher capacity to reduce plaque size of IAVs of m-IgG and IgA, most likely caused by a decrease in the number of offspring produced virus particles from infected cells. Interestingly, HA-M2 colocalization was greatly reduced on the surface of infected cells with antibodies ch-rM2ss23. These results indicate that the polymeric IgA anti-M2 Limit beginner IAV more efficient than IgG and suggested the role of anti-M2 IgA cross-protective immunity IAVs.
