Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)

Influenza is a major respiratory viral illness caused by infection of influenza A virus (IAV), which still persists in various global seasonal epidemics every year. the host immune response is a key factor that determines the severity of influenza infection, present an attractive target for the development of new therapies for the treatment.

Among the double track signal transduction that regulates the activation of the host immune response and function in response to infection IAV, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that wicks important signaling, downstream receptors pattern recognition (PRRS), activated by IAVs that regulate various processes cell in the immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity.

In addition, aberrant activation of MAPK overexuberant underlying the production of inflammatory mediators, promoting the development of a “cytokine storm”, the characteristics of severe respiratory viral diseases. Therefore, explanation of MAPK regulatory role in the immune response to IAVs not only important for understanding the pathogenesis of severe influenza, but it is also important to develop a MAPK-dependent therapies for the treatment of respiratory viral diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the function of MAPK in both the innate and adaptive immune responses to IAVs and discuss their contribution to the cytokine storm caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus.


Trimeric soluble recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HA) and tetrameric neuraminidases (NA) has proven to be an excellent tool to decipher biological properties. Receptor binding and cleavage of sialic acid by a recombinant protein correlated satisfactory compared with the whole virus. Expression of HA and NA can be achieved in many different laboratories host.

For the study of immunology and receptor interactions, however, insect and mammalian cell expressed proteins are preferred because of the presence of N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Because the expression of mammalian cells is widely applied, yield enhancement expression is an important goal. Here we report that the use of codon-optimized genes and fusion sfGFP, HA expression results can be improved

Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)

Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of IgG and IgA antibodies to Influenza A Virus M2 Protein

The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 (M2) protein is a viral envelope proteins conserved antigens that plays an important role in virus starters together with other envelope proteins, hemagglutinin (HA). M2-specific mouse monoclonal antibody IgG, rM2ss23, which binds to the ectodomain of the M2 protein, has been shown to be non-neutralizing antibodies, but inhibits plaque formation IAV strains.

In this study, we produce rM2ss23 chimeric (ch-rM2ss23) IgG and IgA antibodies with the same variable region and compared their antiviral activity. Using gel chromatography, ch-rM2ss23 IgA is divided into three subsets of antibodies: IgA monomer (m-IgA), dimeric IgA (d-IgA), and trimeric and tetrameric IgA (t / q-IgA).

Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits

CT17001 125 Tests
EUR 490.8

Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits

CT17002 250 Tests
EUR 780

Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits

CT17003 125 Tests
EUR 615.6

Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits

CT17004 250 Tests
EUR 975.6

Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits

KF17371 50-100 Tests
EUR 522

Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits

KF17372 100-200 Tests
EUR 921.6

T&A Cloning Kits

FYC001-20P 1 vial Ask for price

Pipette Stand Starter Kits

P7700-S1 1 PC
EUR 609.4

Pipette Stand Starter Kits

P7700-S2 1 PC
EUR 631.32

Sealed Vials Calibration Kits

2659505 EACH
EUR 814.6

Carcass Sponge Sampling Kits

SWA1038 PK95
EUR 332.88

HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11259)

OKSA11259 50 Tests
EUR 678
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:

HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11260)

OKSA11260 150 Tests
EUR 1602
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:

HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11261)

OKSA11261 500 Tests
EUR 2422.8
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:

MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits

KF17358 500 Test
EUR 574.8

MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits

KF17359 500 Test
EUR 574.8

Rat Neural Stem Cell Kits

PC37123 1 X 10(6) *minimum order 6 vials*
EUR 1148.4

MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT Kits (OKSA11298)

OKSA11298 500 Tests
EUR 1147.2
Description: Description of target: MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT ;Species reactivity: Human;Application: FC, IF;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:

MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT Kits (OKSA11300)

OKSA11300 500 Tests
EUR 1147.2
Description: Description of target: MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT ;Species reactivity: Human;Application: FC, IF;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:

JBScreen Membrane 1-4 - All 4 kits

M-CS-309 4 Kits
EUR 1109
Description: JBScreen Membrane 1-4 - All 4 kits

Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons

GR224009 96-well
EUR 603.6

Nori® Porcine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins

GR224017 96-well
EUR 654

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP

GR224025 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL

GR224026 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP

GR224027 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR

GR224028 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones

GR224029 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA

GR224030 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100

GR224031 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL

GR224032 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons

GR225009 96-well
EUR 603.6

Nori® Equine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins

GR225017 96-well
EUR 654

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP

GR225025 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL

GR225026 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP

GR225027 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR

GR225028 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones

GR225029 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA

GR225030 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100

GR225031 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL

GR225032 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons

GR226009 96-well
EUR 603.6

Nori® Canine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins

GR226017 96-well
EUR 654

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP

GR226025 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL

GR226026 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP

GR226027 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR

GR226028 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones

GR226029 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA

GR226030 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100

GR226031 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL

GR226032 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons

GR228009 96-well
EUR 603.6

Nori® Bovine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins

GR228017 96-well
EUR 654

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP

GR228025 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL

GR228026 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP

GR228027 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR

GR228028 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones

GR228029 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA

GR228030 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100

GR228031 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL

GR228032 96-well
EUR 754.8

Precellys 2mL Lysing Kits - Soft tissue Starter box

HOM1060 PK40
EUR 194.94

Precellys 2mL Lysing Kits - Micro-organism Starter box

HOM1062 PK40
EUR 194.94

XTT CELL VIABILITY ASSAY KIT (1000 ASSAY)

30007 1KIT
EUR 283.2
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1KIT

Mast/stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit (Kits) Antibody

20-abx116620
  • EUR 878.40
  • EUR 477.60
  • 150 ul
  • 50 ul

Rabbit ANTI 14-3-3 ISOFORM PANEL Kits (OKSA11258)

OKSA11258 1 u
EUR 1483.2
Description: Description of target: RABBIT ANTI 14-3-3 ISOFORM PANEL;Species reactivity: Sheep;Application: ELISA, IHC-FFPE, WB;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors

GR224024 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel

GR224033 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel

GR224034 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors

GR225024 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel

GR225033 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel

GR225034 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors

GR226024 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel

GR226033 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel

GR226034 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors

GR228024 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel

GR228033 96-well
EUR 754.8

Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel

GR228034 96-well
EUR 754.8

Endothelial Tube Formation Assay (In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay)

CBA-200 50 assays
EUR 672
Description: For angiogenesis to occur, endothelial cells must escape their stable location and break through the basement membrane. Cells migrate toward an angiogenic stimulus that may be released from nearby tumor cells. These cells proliferate to form new blood vessels. Our Endothelial Tube Formation Assay (In Vitro Angiogenesis) provides an easy, robust system to assess angiogenesis in vitro. The ECM gel matrix very closely resembles an in vivo environment.

Proteasome Assay Kit

55R-1341 100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Proteasome in the research laboratory

Calpain Assay Kit

55R-1342 100 assays
EUR 934.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Calpain in the research laboratory

Glutathione Assay Kit

55R-1343 100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutathione in the research laboratory

Glutathione Assay Kit

55R-1354 100 assays
EUR 1074
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutathione activity in the research laboratory

HDAC Assay Kit

55R-1371 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC in the research laboratory

HDAC Assay Kit

55R-1372 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC in the research laboratory

HAT Assay Kit

55R-1373 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HAT in the research laboratory

SOD Assay Kit

55R-1374 100 assays
EUR 722.4
Description: Assay Kit for detection of SOD in the research laboratory

HDAC3 Assay Kit

55R-1377 100 assays
EUR 831.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC3 in the research laboratory

HDAC8 Assay Kit

55R-1379 100 assays
EUR 826.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC8 in the research laboratory

ATP Assay Kit

55R-1380 100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of ATP in the research laboratory

ADP Assay Kit

55R-1381 100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of ADP in the research laboratory

FAD Assay Kit

55R-1382 100 assays
EUR 878.4
Description: Assay Kit for detection of FAD in the research laboratory

PEP Assay Kit

55R-1384 100 assays
EUR 1051.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of PEP in the research laboratory

Ammonia Assay Kit

55R-1388 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Ammonia in the research laboratory

cAMP Assay Kit

55R-1389 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of cAMP activity in the research laboratory

cGMP Assay Kit

55R-1390 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of cGMP activity in the research laboratory

Urea Assay Kit

55R-1391 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Urea in the research laboratory

Calcium Assay Kit

55R-1392 250 assays
EUR 703.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Calcium activity in the research laboratory

Magnesium Assay Kit

55R-1393 100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Magnesium in the research laboratory

Zinc Assay Kit

55R-1394 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Zinc in the research laboratory

Iron Assay Kit

55R-1395 100 assays
EUR 909.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Iron in the research laboratory

Phosphate Assay Kit

55R-1400 500 assays
EUR 498
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Phosphate in the research laboratory

JNK Assay Kit

55R-1407 40 assays
EUR 1041.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of JNK in the research laboratory

JNK Assay Kit

55R-1408 40 assays
EUR 1174.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of JNK in the research laboratory

Akt Assay Kit

55R-1409 40 assays
EUR 1174.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Akt in the research laboratory

Ammonia Assay Kit

55R-1410 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Ammonia in the research laboratory

Cobalt Assay Kit

55R-1435 100 assays
EUR 745.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Cobalt in the research laboratory

Nickel Assay Kit

55R-1436 100 assays
EUR 745.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Nickel in the research laboratory

Chloride Assay Kit

55R-1437 100 assays
EUR 580.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Chloride in the research laboratory

Aspartate Assay Kit

55R-1438 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Aspartate in the research laboratory

Hydroxyproline Assay Kit

55R-1439 100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Hydroxyproline in the research laboratory

Phenylalanine Assay Kit

55R-1442 100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Phenylalanine in the research laboratory

Phosphatidylcholine Assay Kit

55R-1443 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Phosphatidylcholine in the research laboratory

Glucose Assay Kit

55R-1449 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glucose in the research laboratory

Lactate Assay Kit

55R-1450 100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactate in the research laboratory

Pyruvate Assay Kit

55R-1452 100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Pyruvate in the research laboratory

Adipogenesis Assay Kit

55R-1454 100 assays
EUR 703.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Adipogenesis in the research laboratory

Glucose Assay Kit

55R-1458 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glucose in the research laboratory

Galactose Assay Kit

55R-1459 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Galactose in the research laboratory

Maltose Assay Kit

55R-1460 100 assays
EUR 867.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Maltose in the research laboratory

Fructose Assay Kit

55R-1461 100 assays
EUR 826.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Fructose in the research laboratory

Ethanol Assay Kit

55R-1462 100 assays
EUR 928.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Ethanol in the research laboratory

Galactose Assay Kit

55R-1463 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Galactose in the research laboratory

Lactose Assay Kit

55R-1466 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactose in the research laboratory

Creatinine Assay Kit

55R-1467 100 assays
EUR 765.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Creatinine in the research laboratory

Sucrose Assay Kit

55R-1468 100 assays
EUR 826.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Sucrose in the research laboratory

Lactate Assay Kit

55R-1469 100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactate in the research laboratory

Maltose Assay Kit

55R-1470 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Maltose in the research laboratory

Glutamate Assay Kit

55R-1471 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutamate in the research laboratory

Fumarate Assay Kit

55R-1475 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Fumarate in the research laboratory

Creatine Assay Kit

55R-1476 100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Creatine in the research laboratory

Sarcosine Assay Kit

55R-1477 100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Sarcosine in the research laboratory

Malate Assay Kit

55R-1478 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Malate in the research laboratory

Glycogen Assay Kit

55R-1481 100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glycogen in the research laboratory

Starch Assay Kit

55R-1482 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Starch in the research laboratory

Alanine Assay Kit

55R-1483 100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Alanine in the research laboratory

Formate Assay Kit

55R-1484 100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Formate in the research laboratory

Citrate Assay Kit

55R-1485 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Citrate in the research laboratory

Isocitrate Assay Kit

55R-1486 100 assays
EUR 795.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Isocitrate in the research laboratory

Oxaloacetate Assay Kit

55R-1488 100 assays
EUR 795.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Oxaloacetate in the research laboratory

Heme Assay Kit

55R-1492 100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Heme in the research laboratory

Glucose Assay Kit

55R-1494 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glucose in the research laboratory

Amylase Assay Kit

55R-1503 100 assays
EUR 661.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Amylase in the research laboratory

Inosine Assay Kit

55R-1504 100 assays
EUR 878.4
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Inosine in the research laboratory

Aconitase Assay Kit

55R-1505 100 assays
EUR 826.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Aconitase in the research laboratory

Lipase Assay Kit

55R-1506 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lipase in the research laboratory

Lipase Assay Kit

55R-1507 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lipase in the research laboratory

MDA Assay Kit

55R-1512 100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of MDA in the research laboratory

Myeloperoxidase Assay Kit

55R-1514 100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Myeloperoxidase in the research laboratory

Myeloperoxidase Assay Kit

55R-1515 100 assays
EUR 909.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Myeloperoxidase in the research laboratory

Asparaginase Assay Kit

55R-1518 100 assays
EUR 909.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Asparaginase in the research laboratory

Trypsin Assay Kit

55R-1524 100 assays
EUR 745.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Trypsin in the research laboratory

Catalase Assay Kit

55R-1525 100 assays
EUR 684
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Catalase in the research laboratory

DPP4 Assay Kit

55R-1526 100 assays
EUR 900
Description: Assay Kit for detection of DPP4 in the research laboratory

Protease Assay Kit

55R-1528 100 assays
EUR 622.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Protease in the research laboratory

We found that t / q-IgA have significantly higher capacity to reduce plaque size of IAVs of m-IgG and IgA, most likely caused by a decrease in the number of offspring produced virus particles from infected cells. Interestingly, HA-M2 colocalization was greatly reduced on the surface of infected cells with antibodies ch-rM2ss23. These results indicate that the polymeric IgA anti-M2 Limit beginner IAV more efficient than IgG and suggested the role of anti-M2 IgA cross-protective immunity IAVs.