Influenza is a major respiratory viral illness caused by infection of influenza A virus (IAV), which still persists in various global seasonal epidemics every year. the host immune response is a key factor that determines the severity of influenza infection, present an attractive target for the development of new therapies for the treatment.
Among the double track signal transduction that regulates the activation of the host immune response and function in response to infection IAV, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that wicks important signaling, downstream receptors pattern recognition (PRRS), activated by IAVs that regulate various processes cell in the immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity.
In addition, aberrant activation of MAPK overexuberant underlying the production of inflammatory mediators, promoting the development of a “cytokine storm”, the characteristics of severe respiratory viral diseases. Therefore, explanation of MAPK regulatory role in the immune response to IAVs not only important for understanding the pathogenesis of severe influenza, but it is also important to develop a MAPK-dependent therapies for the treatment of respiratory viral diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the function of MAPK in both the innate and adaptive immune responses to IAVs and discuss their contribution to the cytokine storm caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus.
Trimeric soluble recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HA) and tetrameric neuraminidases (NA) has proven to be an excellent tool to decipher biological properties. Receptor binding and cleavage of sialic acid by a recombinant protein correlated satisfactory compared with the whole virus. Expression of HA and NA can be achieved in many different laboratories host.
For the study of immunology and receptor interactions, however, insect and mammalian cell expressed proteins are preferred because of the presence of N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Because the expression of mammalian cells is widely applied, yield enhancement expression is an important goal. Here we report that the use of codon-optimized genes and fusion sfGFP, HA expression results can be improved
Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of IgG and IgA antibodies to Influenza A Virus M2 Protein
The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 (M2) protein is a viral envelope proteins conserved antigens that plays an important role in virus starters together with other envelope proteins, hemagglutinin (HA). M2-specific mouse monoclonal antibody IgG, rM2ss23, which binds to the ectodomain of the M2 protein, has been shown to be non-neutralizing antibodies, but inhibits plaque formation IAV strains.
In this study, we produce rM2ss23 chimeric (ch-rM2ss23) IgG and IgA antibodies with the same variable region and compared their antiviral activity. Using gel chromatography, ch-rM2ss23 IgA is divided into three subsets of antibodies: IgA monomer (m-IgA), dimeric IgA (d-IgA), and trimeric and tetrameric IgA (t / q-IgA).
Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17001
Neuromics
125 Tests
EUR 490.8
Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17002
Neuromics
250 Tests
EUR 780
Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17003
Neuromics
125 Tests
EUR 615.6
Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17004
Neuromics
250 Tests
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Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits
KF17371
Neuromics
50-100 Tests
EUR 522
Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits
KF17372
Neuromics
100-200 Tests
EUR 921.6
HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11259)
OKSA11259
Aviva Systems Biology
50 Tests
EUR 678
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:
HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11260)
OKSA11260
Aviva Systems Biology
150 Tests
EUR 1602
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:
HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11261)
OKSA11261
Aviva Systems Biology
500 Tests
EUR 2422.8
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:
MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits
KF17358
Neuromics
500 Test
EUR 574.8
MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits
KF17359
Neuromics
500 Test
EUR 574.8
Rat Neural Stem Cell Kits
PC37123
Neuromics
1 X 10(6) *minimum order 6 vials*
EUR 1148.4
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT Kits (OKSA11298)
OKSA11298
Aviva Systems Biology
500 Tests
EUR 1147.2
Description: Description of target: MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT ;Species reactivity: Human;Application: FC, IF;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT Kits (OKSA11300)
OKSA11300
Aviva Systems Biology
500 Tests
EUR 1147.2
Description: Description of target: MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT ;Species reactivity: Human;Application: FC, IF;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:
JBScreen Membrane 1-4 - All 4 kits
M-CS-309
MiTeGen
4 Kits
EUR 1109
Description: JBScreen Membrane 1-4 - All 4 kits
XTT CELL VIABILITY ASSAY KIT (1000 ASSAY)
30007
Biotium
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Mast/stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit (Kits) Antibody
20-abx116620
Abbexa
Rabbit ANTI 14-3-3 ISOFORM PANEL Kits (OKSA11258)
OKSA11258
Aviva Systems Biology
1 u
EUR 1483.2
Description: Description of target: RABBIT ANTI 14-3-3 ISOFORM PANEL;Species reactivity: Sheep;Application: ELISA, IHC-FFPE, WB;Assay info: ;Sensitivity:
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel
GR224033
Genorise Scientific
96-well
EUR 754.8
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel
GR225033
Genorise Scientific
96-well
EUR 754.8
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel
GR226033
Genorise Scientific
96-well
EUR 754.8
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel
GR228033
Genorise Scientific
96-well
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Endothelial Tube Formation Assay (In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay)
CBA-200
Cell Biolabs
50 assays
EUR 672
Description: For angiogenesis to occur, endothelial cells must escape their stable location and break through the basement membrane. Cells migrate toward an angiogenic stimulus that may be released from nearby tumor cells. These cells proliferate to form new blood vessels. Our Endothelial Tube Formation Assay (In Vitro Angiogenesis) provides an easy, robust system to assess angiogenesis in vitro. The ECM gel matrix very closely resembles an in vivo environment.
Proteasome Assay Kit
55R-1341
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Proteasome in the research laboratory
Calpain Assay Kit
55R-1342
Fitzgerald
100 assays
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55R-1343
Fitzgerald
100 assays
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Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutathione in the research laboratory
Glutathione Assay Kit
55R-1354
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 1074
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutathione activity in the research laboratory
HDAC Assay Kit
55R-1371
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC in the research laboratory
HDAC Assay Kit
55R-1372
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC in the research laboratory
HAT Assay Kit
55R-1373
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HAT in the research laboratory
SOD Assay Kit
55R-1374
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 722.4
Description: Assay Kit for detection of SOD in the research laboratory
HDAC3 Assay Kit
55R-1377
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 831.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC3 in the research laboratory
HDAC8 Assay Kit
55R-1379
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 826.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC8 in the research laboratory
ATP Assay Kit
55R-1380
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of ATP in the research laboratory
ADP Assay Kit
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100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of ADP in the research laboratory
FAD Assay Kit
55R-1382
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 878.4
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PEP Assay Kit
55R-1384
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 1051.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of PEP in the research laboratory
Ammonia Assay Kit
55R-1388
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100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Ammonia in the research laboratory
cAMP Assay Kit
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100 assays
EUR 847.2
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Fitzgerald
100 assays
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Urea Assay Kit
55R-1391
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Urea in the research laboratory
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Fitzgerald
250 assays
EUR 703.2
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55R-1393
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100 assays
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100 assays
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100 assays
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55R-1400
Fitzgerald
500 assays
EUR 498
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Phosphate in the research laboratory
JNK Assay Kit
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Fitzgerald
40 assays
EUR 1041.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of JNK in the research laboratory
JNK Assay Kit
55R-1408
Fitzgerald
40 assays
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Akt Assay Kit
55R-1409
Fitzgerald
40 assays
EUR 1174.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Akt in the research laboratory
Ammonia Assay Kit
55R-1410
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Ammonia in the research laboratory
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55R-1435
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100 assays
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100 assays
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55R-1437
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 580.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Chloride in the research laboratory
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55R-1438
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 807.6
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Hydroxyproline Assay Kit
55R-1439
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100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Hydroxyproline in the research laboratory
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55R-1442
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100 assays
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100 assays
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100 assays
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Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 1012.8
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Fitzgerald
100 assays
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Adipogenesis Assay Kit
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Fitzgerald
100 assays
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55R-1458
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glucose in the research laboratory
Galactose Assay Kit
55R-1459
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Galactose in the research laboratory
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55R-1460
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 867.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Maltose in the research laboratory
Fructose Assay Kit
55R-1461
Fitzgerald
100 assays
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55R-1462
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 928.8
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55R-1463
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 847.2
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55R-1466
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactose in the research laboratory
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55R-1467
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 765.6
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Sucrose Assay Kit
55R-1468
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 826.8
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Lactate Assay Kit
55R-1469
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactate in the research laboratory
Maltose Assay Kit
55R-1470
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Maltose in the research laboratory
Glutamate Assay Kit
55R-1471
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutamate in the research laboratory
Fumarate Assay Kit
55R-1475
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 847.2
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Creatine Assay Kit
55R-1476
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 784.8
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Sarcosine Assay Kit
55R-1477
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Sarcosine in the research laboratory
Malate Assay Kit
55R-1478
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Malate in the research laboratory
Glycogen Assay Kit
55R-1481
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 1012.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glycogen in the research laboratory
Starch Assay Kit
55R-1482
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Starch in the research laboratory
Alanine Assay Kit
55R-1483
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 784.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Alanine in the research laboratory
Formate Assay Kit
55R-1484
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 970.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Formate in the research laboratory
Citrate Assay Kit
55R-1485
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Citrate in the research laboratory
Isocitrate Assay Kit
55R-1486
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 795.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Isocitrate in the research laboratory
Oxaloacetate Assay Kit
55R-1488
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 795.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Oxaloacetate in the research laboratory
Heme Assay Kit
55R-1492
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 807.6
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Heme in the research laboratory
Glucose Assay Kit
55R-1494
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glucose in the research laboratory
Amylase Assay Kit
55R-1503
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 661.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Amylase in the research laboratory
Inosine Assay Kit
55R-1504
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 878.4
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Inosine in the research laboratory
Aconitase Assay Kit
55R-1505
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 826.8
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Lipase Assay Kit
55R-1506
Fitzgerald
100 assays
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Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lipase in the research laboratory
Lipase Assay Kit
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Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lipase in the research laboratory
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55R-1512
Fitzgerald
100 assays
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Myeloperoxidase Assay Kit
55R-1514
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100 assays
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55R-1515
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100 assays
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Trypsin Assay Kit
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100 assays
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Catalase Assay Kit
55R-1525
Fitzgerald
100 assays
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DPP4 Assay Kit
55R-1526
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 900
Description: Assay Kit for detection of DPP4 in the research laboratory
Protease Assay Kit
55R-1528
Fitzgerald
100 assays
EUR 622.8
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Protease in the research laboratory
We found that t / q-IgA have significantly higher capacity to reduce plaque size of IAVs of m-IgG and IgA, most likely caused by a decrease in the number of offspring produced virus particles from infected cells. Interestingly, HA-M2 colocalization was greatly reduced on the surface of infected cells with antibodies ch-rM2ss23. These results indicate that the polymeric IgA anti-M2 Limit beginner IAV more efficient than IgG and suggested the role of anti-M2 IgA cross-protective immunity IAVs.