Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)

Influenza is a major respiratory viral illness caused by infection of influenza A virus (IAV), which still persists in various global seasonal epidemics every year. the host immune response is a key factor that determines the severity of influenza infection, present an attractive target for the development of new therapies for the treatment.

Among the double track signal transduction that regulates the activation of the host immune response and function in response to infection IAV, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that wicks important signaling, downstream receptors pattern recognition (PRRS), activated by IAVs that regulate various processes cell in the immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity.

In addition, aberrant activation of MAPK overexuberant underlying the production of inflammatory mediators, promoting the development of a “cytokine storm”, the characteristics of severe respiratory viral diseases. Therefore, explanation of MAPK regulatory role in the immune response to IAVs not only important for understanding the pathogenesis of severe influenza, but it is also important to develop a MAPK-dependent therapies for the treatment of respiratory viral diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the function of MAPK in both the innate and adaptive immune responses to IAVs and discuss their contribution to the cytokine storm caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus.

Trimeric soluble recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HA) and tetrameric neuraminidases (NA) has proven to be an excellent tool to decipher biological properties. Receptor binding and cleavage of sialic acid by a recombinant protein correlated satisfactory compared with the whole virus. Expression of HA and NA can be achieved in many different laboratories host.

For the study of immunology and receptor interactions, however, insect and mammalian cell expressed proteins are preferred because of the presence of N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Because the expression of mammalian cells is widely applied, yield enhancement expression is an important goal. Here we report that the use of codon-optimized genes and fusion sfGFP, HA expression results can be improved

Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of IgG and IgA antibodies to Influenza A Virus M2 Protein

The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 (M2) protein is a viral envelope proteins conserved antigens that plays an important role in virus starters together with other envelope proteins, hemagglutinin (HA). M2-specific mouse monoclonal antibody IgG, rM2ss23, which binds to the ectodomain of the M2 protein, has been shown to be non-neutralizing antibodies, but inhibits plaque formation IAV strains.

In this study, we produce rM2ss23 chimeric (ch-rM2ss23) IgG and IgA antibodies with the same variable region and compared their antiviral activity. Using gel chromatography, ch-rM2ss23 IgA is divided into three subsets of antibodies: IgA monomer (m-IgA), dimeric IgA (d-IgA), and trimeric and tetrameric IgA (t / q-IgA).

Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17001	Neuromics	125 Tests	EUR 409.00

Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17002	Neuromics	250 Tests	EUR 650.00

Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17003	Neuromics	125 Tests	EUR 513.00

Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits
CT17004	Neuromics	250 Tests	EUR 813.00

Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits
KF17371	Neuromics	50-100 Tests	EUR 435.00

Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits
KF17372	Neuromics	100-200 Tests	EUR 768.00

Pipette Stand Starter Kits
P7700-S1	BenchMark	1 PC	EUR 507.83
To order instruments in 115V / US plug please delete the 'E' off the order code.European 2 pin plugs will be supplied as standard, please request UK if required.

Pipette Stand Starter Kits
P7700-S2	BenchMark	1 PC	EUR 526.10
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MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits
KF17358	Neuromics	500 Test	EUR 479.00

MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits
KF17359	Neuromics	500 Test	EUR 479.00

Rat Neural Stem Cell Kits
PC37123	Neuromics	1 X 10(6) *minimum order 6 vials*	EUR 957.00

Mast/stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit (Kits) Antibody
20-abx116620	Abbexa	EUR 732.00 EUR 398.00	0 1
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XTT CELL VIABILITY ASSAY KIT (1000 ASSAY)
30007	Biotium	1KIT	EUR 236.00
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Endothelial Tube Formation Assay (In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay)
CBA-200	Cell Biolabs	50 assays	EUR 560.00
Description: For angiogenesis to occur, endothelial cells must escape their stable location and break through the basement membrane. Cells migrate toward an angiogenic stimulus that may be released from nearby tumor cells. These cells proliferate to form new blood vessels. Our Endothelial Tube Formation Assay (In Vitro Angiogenesis) provides an easy, robust system to assess angiogenesis in vitro. The ECM gel matrix very closely resembles an in vivo environment.

Histamine Assay Kit
AKR-360	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 519.00
Description: Histamine is naturally occurring in food, with high concentrations associated with spoiled and fermented foods. Exposure to high levels of histamine through the ingestion of food can cause symptoms similar to an allergic response. Our Histamine Assay Kit detects total histamine from food samples using a colorimetric probe. Reduction of the probe yields color development proportional the histamine levels in the sample. Absorbance at 450nm is read after a one hour incubation at 37C and histamine levels are calculated based on a histamine standard curve.

MAT Activity Assay
IK00401	Arthus	96 tests	EUR 844.00
Description: Methionine Adenosyltransferase (MAT) activity assay kit

Glucose Assay Kit
abx090673-1Kit	Abbexa	1 Kit	EUR 237.00
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ADA Assay Kit
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Glutathione Assay Kit
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Trehalose Assay Kit
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ADA Assay Kit
abx098403-Hitachi7060R190ml2R290ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 90ml×1	EUR 739.00
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ADA Assay Kit
abx098403-Hitachi7170R140ml4R220ml4	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 40ml×4 R2: 20ml×4	EUR 801.00
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ADA Assay Kit
abx098403-Hitachi7170R160ml4R260ml2	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 60ml×4 R2: 60ml×2	EUR 911.00
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ADA Assay Kit
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Calcium Assay Kit
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Calcium Assay Kit
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Calcium Assay Kit
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Calcium Assay Kit
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Cholinesterase Assay Kit
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Cholinesterase Assay Kit
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Cholinesterase Assay Kit
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Cholinesterase Assay Kit
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Creatinine Assay Kit
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Creatinine Assay Kit
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Creatinine Assay Kit
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Creatinine Assay Kit
abx098422-Toshiba120R150ml3R250ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 120; R1: 50ml×3 R2: 50ml×1	EUR 519.00
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Creatinine Assay Kit
abx098422-Toshiba40R150ml3R250ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 50ml×3 R2: 50ml×1	EUR 519.00
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Fructosamine Assay Kit
abx098427-Hitachi7020R140ml2R220ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1: 40ml×2 R2: 20ml×1	EUR 253.00
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Fructosamine Assay Kit
abx098427-Hitachi7060R190ml2R245ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 45ml×1	EUR 253.00
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Fructosamine Assay Kit
abx098427-Hitachi7170R120ml1R25ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 20ml×1 R2: 5ml×1	EUR 206.00
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Fructosamine Assay Kit
abx098427-Hitachi7170R140ml12R240ml3	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 40ml×12 R2: 40ml×3	EUR 222.00
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Fructosamine Assay Kit
abx098427-Hitachi7170R140ml2R220ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 40ml×2 R2: 20ml×1	EUR 253.00
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Glucose Assay Kit
abx098429-Hitachi7020R140ml4R240ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1: 40ml×4 R2: 40ml×1	EUR 222.00
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Glucose Assay Kit
abx098429-Hitachi7060R190ml2R245ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 45ml×1	EUR 222.00
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Glucose Assay Kit
abx098429-Hitachi7170R132ml4R28ml4	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 32ml×4 R2: 8ml×4	EUR 222.00
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Haptoglobin Assay Kit
abx098432-BeckmanR140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Beckman; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 347.00
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Haptoglobin Assay Kit
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Haptoglobin Assay Kit
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Haptoglobin Assay Kit
abx098432-Toshiba40R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 347.00
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Homocysteine Assay Kit
abx098434-Hitachi7060R160ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 60ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 1036.00
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Homocysteine Assay Kit
abx098434-Hitachi7170R130ml2R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 30ml×2 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 1036.00
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Homocysteine Assay Kit
abx098434-Toshiba40R130ml2R210ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 30ml×2 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 1036.00
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Homocysteine Assay Kit
abx098434-UniversalR130ml2R210ml1	Abbexa	Universal; R1: 30ml×2 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 1036.00
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Iron Assay Kit
abx098439-Hitachi7020R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1:40ml×1 R2:10ml×1	EUR 206.00
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Iron Assay Kit
abx098439-Hitachi7170R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1:40ml×1 R2:10ml×1	EUR 206.00
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Iron Assay Kit
abx098439-Hitachi7170R160ml1R215ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1:60ml×1 R2:15ml×1	EUR 222.00
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Iron Assay Kit
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Lipase Assay Kit
abx098442-BeckmanR180ml1R220ml1	Abbexa	Beckman; R1:80ml×1 R2:20ml×1	EUR 692.00
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Lipase Assay Kit
abx098442-Hitachi7170R140ml2R220ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1:40ml×2 R2:20ml×1	EUR 692.00
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Lipase Assay Kit
abx098442-Hitachi7170R160ml1R215ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1:60ml×1 R2:15ml×1	EUR 566.00
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Lipase Assay Kit
abx098442-Toshiba40R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1:40ml×1 R2:10ml×1	EUR 441.00
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Lipase Assay Kit
abx098442-UniversalR120ml1R25ml1	Abbexa	Universal; R1:20ml×1 R2:5ml×1	EUR 316.00
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Magnesium Assay Kit
abx098445-Hitachi7020R140ml2R240ml2	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1: 40ml×2 R2: 40ml×2	EUR 206.00
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Magnesium Assay Kit
abx098445-Hitachi7060R190ml1R290ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×1 R2: 90ml×1	EUR 206.00
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Magnesium Assay Kit
abx098445-Toshiba40R140ml2R240ml2	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 40ml×2 R2: 40ml×2	EUR 206.00
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Magnesium Assay Kit
abx098445-Toshiba40R150ml2R250ml2	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 50ml×2 R2: 50ml×2	EUR 206.00
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Microalbumin Assay KIt
abx098446-Hitachi7060R150ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 50ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 363.00
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Microalbumin Assay KIt
abx098446-Hitachi7060R150ml3R230ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 50ml×3 R2: 30ml×1	EUR 363.00
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Microalbumin Assay KIt
abx098446-Hitachi7170R125ml1R25ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 25ml×1 R2: 5ml×1	EUR 269.00
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Microalbumin Assay KIt
abx098446-Hitachi7170R150ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 50ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 363.00
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Myoglobin Assay Kit
abx098448-Hitachi7020R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 1193.00
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Myoglobin Assay Kit
abx098448-Hitachi7170R120ml1R25ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 20ml×1 R2: 5ml×1	EUR 692.00
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Myoglobin Assay Kit
abx098448-Hitachi7170R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 1193.00
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Myoglobin Assay Kit
abx098448-Toshiba40R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 1193.00
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NGAL Assay Kit
abx098449-Hitachi7020R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 942.00
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NGAL Assay Kit
abx098449-Hitachi7170R120ml1R25ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 20ml×1 R2: 5ml×1	EUR 566.00
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NGAL Assay Kit
abx098449-Hitachi7170R140ml1R210ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 40ml×1 R2: 10ml×1	EUR 942.00
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NGAL Assay Kit
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NGAL Assay Kit
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Prealbumin Assay Kit
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Prealbumin Assay Kit
abx098451-Hitachi7170R132ml1R28ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 32ml×1 R2: 8ml×1	EUR 222.00
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Prealbumin Assay Kit
abx098451-UniversalR160ml1R215ml1	Abbexa	Universal; R1: 60ml×1 R2: 15ml×1	EUR 253.00
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Transferrin Assay Kit
abx098460-BeckmanR160ml1R220ml1	Abbexa	Beckman; R1: 60ml×1 R2: 20ml×1	EUR 660.00
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Transferrin Assay Kit
abx098460-Hitachi7060R160ml2R240ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 60ml×2 R2: 40ml×1	EUR 504.00
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Transferrin Assay Kit
abx098460-Hitachi7170R145ml2R230ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 45ml×2 R2: 30ml×1	EUR 582.00
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Transferrin Assay Kit
abx098460-Hitachi7170R160ml8R240ml4	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 60ml×8 R2: 40ml×4	EUR 535.00
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Transferrin Assay Kit
abx098460-Toshiba40R145ml2R230ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 45ml×2 R2: 30ml×1	EUR 582.00
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Triglycerides Assay Kit
abx098461-Hitachi7020R140ml4R240ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1: 40ml×4 R2: 40ml×1	EUR 284.00
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Triglycerides Assay Kit
abx098461-Hitachi7060R190ml2R245ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 45ml×1	EUR 269.00
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Triglycerides Assay Kit
abx098461-Hitachi7170R132ml4R28ml4	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 32ml×4 R2: 8ml×4	EUR 300.00
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Triglycerides Assay Kit
abx098461-Toshiba40R140ml4R240ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 40ml×4 R2: 40ml×1	EUR 284.00
Shipped within 5-12 working days.

Urea Assay Kit
abx098464-Hitachi7020R150ml4R250ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7020; R1: 50ml×4 R2: 50ml×1	EUR 222.00
Shipped within 5-12 working days.

Urea Assay Kit
abx098464-Hitachi7060R190ml2R245ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 45ml×1	EUR 222.00
Shipped within 5-12 working days.

Urea Assay Kit
abx098464-Toshiba120R140ml4R240ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 120; R1: 40ml×4 R2: 40ml×1	EUR 222.00
Shipped within 5-12 working days.

AMBP Assay Kit
abx098467-Hitachi7060R145ml1R215ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 45ml×1 R2: 15ml×1	EUR 488.00
Shipped within 5-12 working days.

AMBP Assay Kit
abx098467-Hitachi7060R190ml2R230ml2	Abbexa	Hitachi 7060; R1: 90ml×2 R2: 30ml×2	EUR 519.00
Shipped within 5-12 working days.

AMBP Assay Kit
abx098467-Hitachi7170R145ml1R215ml1	Abbexa	Hitachi 7170; R1: 45ml×1 R2: 15ml×1	EUR 488.00
Shipped within 5-12 working days.

AMBP Assay Kit
abx098467-Toshiba40R145ml1R215ml1	Abbexa	Toshiba 40; R1: 45ml×1 R2: 15ml×1	EUR 488.00
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Catalase Assay Kit
abx294001-96tests	Abbexa	96 tests	EUR 324.00
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Hexokinase Assay Kit
abx294009-100tubes96samples	Abbexa	100 tubes/96 samples	EUR 519.00
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Ceruloplasmin Assay Kit
abx298825-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 394.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Tannin Assay Kit
abx298826-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 488.00
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Catalase Assay Kit
abx298827-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 410.00
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Peroxidase Assay Kit
abx298828-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
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Glutaminase Assay Kit
abx298831-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 551.00
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Hydroxyproline Assay Kit
abx298833-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
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Acetylcholinesterase Assay Kit
abx298834-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 441.00
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Citrate Assay Kit
abx298835-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
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Hexokinase Assay Kit
abx298839-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 535.00
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Phosphofructokinase Assay Kit
abx298841-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 645.00
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Trypsin Assay Kit
abx298846-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 535.00
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Pepsin Assay Kit
abx298847-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
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Chymotrypsin Assay Kit
abx298848-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 566.00
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Lipase Assay Kit
abx298849-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 472.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Triglyceride Assay Kit
abx298852-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 472.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Pectinase Assay Kit
abx298853-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 519.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Chitinase Assay Kit
abx298854-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 582.00
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Cellulase Assay Kit
abx298861-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 551.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Sorbitol Assay Kit
abx298866-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 504.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Kalium Assay Kit
abx298870-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 394.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Calcium Assay Kit
abx298871-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 394.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Iron Assay Kit
abx298872-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Magnesium Assay Kit
abx298873-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Phosphorus Assay Kit
abx298874-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Natrium Assay Kit
abx298875-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 394.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Zinc Assay Kit
abx298876-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 582.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Hemoglobin Assay Kit
abx298879-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 488.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Copper Assay Kit
abx298883-100Assays	Abbexa	100 Assays	EUR 425.00
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Proteasome Assay Kit
55R-1341	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 654.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Proteasome in the research laboratory

Calpain Assay Kit
55R-1342	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 779.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Calpain in the research laboratory

Glutathione Assay Kit
55R-1343	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 654.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutathione in the research laboratory

Glutathione Assay Kit
55R-1354	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 895.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutathione activity in the research laboratory

HDAC Assay Kit
55R-1371	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 673.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC in the research laboratory

HDAC Assay Kit
55R-1372	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 673.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC in the research laboratory

HAT Assay Kit
55R-1373	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 740.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HAT in the research laboratory

SOD Assay Kit
55R-1374	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 602.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of SOD in the research laboratory

HDAC3 Assay Kit
55R-1377	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 693.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC3 in the research laboratory

HDAC8 Assay Kit
55R-1379	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 689.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of HDAC8 in the research laboratory

ATP Assay Kit
55R-1380	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 809.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of ATP in the research laboratory

ADP Assay Kit
55R-1381	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 809.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of ADP in the research laboratory

FAD Assay Kit
55R-1382	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 732.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of FAD in the research laboratory

PEP Assay Kit
55R-1384	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 876.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of PEP in the research laboratory

Ammonia Assay Kit
55R-1388	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 740.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Ammonia in the research laboratory

cAMP Assay Kit
55R-1389	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 706.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of cAMP activity in the research laboratory

cGMP Assay Kit
55R-1390	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 706.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of cGMP activity in the research laboratory

Urea Assay Kit
55R-1391	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 740.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Urea in the research laboratory

Calcium Assay Kit
55R-1392	Fitzgerald	250 assays	EUR 586.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Calcium activity in the research laboratory

Magnesium Assay Kit
55R-1393	Fitzgerald	100 assays	EUR 654.00
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Magnesium in the research laboratory

We found that t / q-IgA have significantly higher capacity to reduce plaque size of IAVs of m-IgG and IgA, most likely caused by a decrease in the number of offspring produced virus particles from infected cells. Interestingly, HA-M2 colocalization was greatly reduced on the surface of infected cells with antibodies ch-rM2ss23. These results indicate that the polymeric IgA anti-M2 Limit beginner IAV more efficient than IgG and suggested the role of anti-M2 IgA cross-protective immunity IAVs.